Cholera toxin - Revision history

Michal Harel at 09:44, 12 May 2019

2019-05-12T09:44:22Z

←Older revision		Revision as of 09:44, 12 May 2019
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	PubMed[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7658473?dopt=Abstract]		PubMed[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7658473?dopt=Abstract]
-	== 3D Structures of Cholera toxin ==

-	Updated on {{REVISIONDAY2}}-{{MONTHNAME\|{{REVISIONMONTH}}}}-{{REVISIONYEAR}}
-	{{#tree:id=OrganizedByTopic\|openlevels=0\|
-
-
-
-	* CTX
-
-	**[[1xtc]] - CTX
-
-	* CTX A subunit
-
-	**[[2a5d]], [[2a5g]] – CTX A subunit+hArf6+GTP – human<br />
-	**[[2a5f]] - CTX A subunit+hArf6+GTP+NAD<br />
-	**[[1s5b]], [[1s5c]], [[1s5d]], [[1s5e]], [[1s5f]] - CTX A subunit (mutant)
-
-	* CTX B subunit
-
-	**[[1fgb]] - CTX B subunit<br />
-	**[[1g8z]] , [[1chp]], [[1chq]] - CTX B subunit (mutant)<br />
-	**[[1rcv]], [[1rd9]], [[1rdp]], [[1rf2]], [[1pzi]], [[1pzj]], [[1pzk]], [[1efi]], [[1eef]], [[1djr]], [[1eei]] – CTX B subunit+ galactoside derivatives<br />
-	**[[1llr]], [[1jqy]], [[1jr0]], [[1fd7]], [[1md2]] - CTX B subunit+BMSC derivatives<br />
-	**[[1eef]] - CTX B subunit+PEPG<br />
-	**[[3chb]], [[2chb]] - CTX B subunit+pentasaccharide<br />
-	**[[1ct1]] - CTX B subunit (mutant)+pentasaccharide<br />
-	**[[3efx]] – CTX B/heat-labile enterotoxin B chain<br />
-	**[[5elb]], [[5eld]], [[5ele]] – CTX B + Lewis-Y<br />
-	**[[5lzh]] – CTX B + inhibitor<br />
-	}}
	== See also [[Toxins]] ==		== See also [[Toxins]] ==

Michal Harel at 09:42, 12 May 2019

2019-05-12T09:42:54Z

←Older revision		Revision as of 09:42, 12 May 2019
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	6. Vibrio cholera O1 str. 2010EL-1786 chromosome 1, complete		6. Vibrio cholera O1 str. 2010EL-1786 chromosome 1, complete
	[[Image:TREE - MAXIMUM LIKEHOOD.PNG\|left\|430px\|thumb\|Phylogenetic Tree of MSA of CTX, Statistic Method:Maximum Likelihood, made by MEGA 5.05]]		[[Image:TREE - MAXIMUM LIKEHOOD.PNG\|left\|430px\|thumb\|Phylogenetic Tree of MSA of CTX, Statistic Method:Maximum Likelihood, made by MEGA 5.05]]
		+
		+	== 3D Structures of Cholera toxin ==
		+	[[Cholera toxin 3D structures]]
		+
	</StructureSection>		</StructureSection>
	== External Links ==		== External Links ==

Michal Harel at 10:26, 10 April 2018

2018-04-10T10:26:15Z

←Older revision		Revision as of 10:26, 10 April 2018
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	**[[3efx]] – CTX B/heat-labile enterotoxin B chain<br />		**[[3efx]] – CTX B/heat-labile enterotoxin B chain<br />
	**[[5elb]], [[5eld]], [[5ele]] – CTX B + Lewis-Y<br />		**[[5elb]], [[5eld]], [[5ele]] – CTX B + Lewis-Y<br />
		+	**[[5lzh]] – CTX B + inhibitor<br />
	}}		}}
	== See also [[Toxins]] ==		== See also [[Toxins]] ==

Michal Harel at 10:26, 2 April 2017

2017-04-02T10:26:42Z

←Older revision		Revision as of 10:26, 2 April 2017
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	**[[1ct1]] - CTX B subunit (mutant)+pentasaccharide<br />		**[[1ct1]] - CTX B subunit (mutant)+pentasaccharide<br />
	**[[3efx]] – CTX B/heat-labile enterotoxin B chain<br />		**[[3efx]] – CTX B/heat-labile enterotoxin B chain<br />
-	**[[~~1tet~~]] – CTX ~~peptide 3~~+~~FAB light and heavy chains~~ - ~~mouse~~	+	**[[5elb]], [[5eld]], [[5ele]] – CTX B + Lewis-Y<br />
	}}		}}
	== See also [[Toxins]] ==		== See also [[Toxins]] ==

Alexander Berchansky at 13:18, 18 January 2016

2016-01-18T13:18:18Z

←Older revision		Revision as of 13:18, 18 January 2016
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	== Structure ==		== Structure ==
-	[[Image:CTX interaction.PNG\|left\|270px\|thumb\| Interaction of 7 chains of Cholera toxin [[1xtc]]. Cholera toxin contains 7 chains: A,C,D,E,F,G and H.Chains A and C belong to subunit A. Chains C,D,E,F,G and H belong to subunit B]]	+	[[Image:CTX interaction.PNG\|left\|270px\|thumb\| Interaction of 7 chains of Cholera toxin [[1xtc]]. Cholera toxin contains 7 chains: A,C,D,E,F,G and H.Chains A and C belong to subunit A. Chains D,E,F,G and H belong to subunit B]]
	{{Clear}}		{{Clear}}
-	Cholera toxin(CTX) has two types of subunits: subunit A and subunit B. A subunit contains A1 domain, which includes the enzymatic active site, and A2 domain, which has a α–helix tail. The B subunit contains five chains that form a pentameric ring around the central pore in structure; Subunit A and subunit B are assembled by the α–helix tail of A2 domain, which inserts into the central pore. CTX is the main virulence factor of the pathogen ''Vibrio cholerae'' and cause the major symptom of infection: extreme diarrhea, vomiting, cramps and even death <ref>Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 375. ISBN 0838585299.</ref>,<ref>Faruque SM; Nair GB (editors). (2008). Vibrio cholerae: Genomics and Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-33-2.</ref>,<ref>Jennifer McDowall, Cholera Toxin, EMBL-EMI, Interpro</ref>.	+	Cholera toxin (CTX) has two types of subunits: subunit A and subunit B. <scene name='43/430104/Cv/3'>A subunit</scene> contains A1 domain, which includes the enzymatic active site, and A2 domain, which has a α–helix tail. The <scene name='43/430104/Cv/4'>B subunit</scene> contains <scene name='43/430104/Cv/5'>five chains that form a pentameric ring around the central pore</scene> in structure; Subunit A and subunit B are assembled by the α–helix tail of A2 domain, which inserts into the central pore. CTX is the main virulence factor of the pathogen ''Vibrio cholerae'' and cause the major symptom of infection: extreme diarrhea, vomiting, cramps and even death <ref>Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 375. ISBN 0838585299.</ref>,<ref>Faruque SM; Nair GB (editors). (2008). Vibrio cholerae: Genomics and Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-33-2.</ref>,<ref>Jennifer McDowall, Cholera Toxin, EMBL-EMI, Interpro</ref>.
	The enzymatic subunit has a globular domain (CTA1) and a long helical domain (CTA2). Once the CTX binds to the cell surface, it is internalized, and its CTA1 domain binds to ADP-ribosylation factor 6(Arf6)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP_ribosylation_factor], enabling its catalytic activity.		The enzymatic subunit has a globular domain (CTA1) and a long helical domain (CTA2). Once the CTX binds to the cell surface, it is internalized, and its CTA1 domain binds to ADP-ribosylation factor 6(Arf6)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP_ribosylation_factor], enabling its catalytic activity.

Alexander Berchansky at 13:08, 18 January 2016

2016-01-18T13:08:51Z

←Older revision		Revision as of 13:08, 18 January 2016
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-	<StructureSection load='~~xtc~~' size='~~350~~' side='right' scene='~~Cholera_toxin~~/Cv/1' caption='Cholera toxin composed of A1 (grey), A2 (pink) subunit and a pentamer of B subunits (rust, cyan, gold, yellow, purple). [[1xtc]]'>	+	<StructureSection load='1xtc' size='400' side='right' scene='43/430104/Cv/2' caption='Cholera toxin composed of A1 (grey), A2 (pink) subunit and a pentamer of B subunits (rust, cyan, gold, yellow, purple). [[1xtc]]'>

	[[Cholera toxin]] (CTX), secreted by bacterium [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae Vibrio Cholerae],is an oligomeric complex of enzymatic A and pentameric B subunits, which bind to the cell surface. CTX is the main cause of the diarrhea symptoms of cholera infection.		[[Cholera toxin]] (CTX), secreted by bacterium [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae Vibrio Cholerae],is an oligomeric complex of enzymatic A and pentameric B subunits, which bind to the cell surface. CTX is the main cause of the diarrhea symptoms of cholera infection.
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	Cholera toxin(CTX) has two types of subunits: subunit A and subunit B. A subunit contains A1 domain, which includes the enzymatic active site, and A2 domain, which has a α–helix tail. The B subunit contains five chains that form a pentameric ring around the central pore in structure; Subunit A and subunit B are assembled by the α–helix tail of A2 domain, which inserts into the central pore. CTX is the main virulence factor of the pathogen ''Vibrio cholerae'' and cause the major symptom of infection: extreme diarrhea, vomiting, cramps and even death <ref>Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 375. ISBN 0838585299.</ref>,<ref>Faruque SM; Nair GB (editors). (2008). Vibrio cholerae: Genomics and Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-33-2.</ref>,<ref>Jennifer McDowall, Cholera Toxin, EMBL-EMI, Interpro</ref>.		Cholera toxin(CTX) has two types of subunits: subunit A and subunit B. A subunit contains A1 domain, which includes the enzymatic active site, and A2 domain, which has a α–helix tail. The B subunit contains five chains that form a pentameric ring around the central pore in structure; Subunit A and subunit B are assembled by the α–helix tail of A2 domain, which inserts into the central pore. CTX is the main virulence factor of the pathogen ''Vibrio cholerae'' and cause the major symptom of infection: extreme diarrhea, vomiting, cramps and even death <ref>Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 375. ISBN 0838585299.</ref>,<ref>Faruque SM; Nair GB (editors). (2008). Vibrio cholerae: Genomics and Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-33-2.</ref>,<ref>Jennifer McDowall, Cholera Toxin, EMBL-EMI, Interpro</ref>.
	The enzymatic subunit has a globular domain (CTA1) and a long helical domain (CTA2). Once the CTX binds to the cell surface, it is internalized, and its CTA1 domain binds to ADP-ribosylation factor 6(Arf6)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP_ribosylation_factor], enabling its catalytic activity.		The enzymatic subunit has a globular domain (CTA1) and a long helical domain (CTA2). Once the CTX binds to the cell surface, it is internalized, and its CTA1 domain binds to ADP-ribosylation factor 6(Arf6)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP_ribosylation_factor], enabling its catalytic activity.
-	~~[[Image:1xtc.png\|left\|280px\|thumb\|Crystal Structure of Cholera toxin [[1xtc]]]]~~	+
	{{Clear}}		{{Clear}}
	== mRNA Structure ==		== mRNA Structure ==

Alexander Berchansky at 13:04, 18 January 2016

2016-01-18T13:04:12Z

←Older revision		Revision as of 13:04, 18 January 2016
Line 26:		Line 26:

	== Multiple Sequence Alignment ==		== Multiple Sequence Alignment ==
-	[[Image:MSA1.jpg\|left\|~~450px~~\|thumb\|Multiple Sequence Alignment-TEXSHADE result.BlastP of CTX A subunit that contains six different species. This is made by Biology Workbench]]	+	[[Image:MSA1.jpg\|left\|300px\|thumb\|Multiple Sequence Alignment-TEXSHADE result.BlastP of CTX A subunit that contains six different species. This is made by Biology Workbench]]
	{{Clear}}		{{Clear}}
	'''Selected Sequences:'''		'''Selected Sequences:'''

Alexander Berchansky at 13:02, 18 January 2016

2016-01-18T13:02:54Z

←Older revision		Revision as of 13:02, 18 January 2016
Line 17:		Line 17:
	== Function ==		== Function ==
	Cholera toxin, after being secreted from the ''Vibrio cholerae'', binds to the enterocytes (intestinal cells) by the interaction between the subunit B and GM1 ganglioside[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM1] receptor on enterocytes, which then promotes the toxin endocytosis. Next, A1 turns to an active enzyme after separating with the A2 domain. After the A1 domain of subunit A of the toxin enters the cytosol, it activates adenylate cyclase to produce cAMP through G proteins, which triggers the activation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), leading to watery diarrhea: the efflux of water and ions from cells <ref>Jennifer McDowall, Cholera Toxin, EMBL-EMI, Interpro</ref>.		Cholera toxin, after being secreted from the ''Vibrio cholerae'', binds to the enterocytes (intestinal cells) by the interaction between the subunit B and GM1 ganglioside[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM1] receptor on enterocytes, which then promotes the toxin endocytosis. Next, A1 turns to an active enzyme after separating with the A2 domain. After the A1 domain of subunit A of the toxin enters the cytosol, it activates adenylate cyclase to produce cAMP through G proteins, which triggers the activation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), leading to watery diarrhea: the efflux of water and ions from cells <ref>Jennifer McDowall, Cholera Toxin, EMBL-EMI, Interpro</ref>.
-	[[Image:Picture1.png\|~~right~~\|300px\|thumb\|Structure Notation of the RNA of CTX A, CLC RNA Workbench]]	+	[[Image:Picture1.png\|left\|300px\|thumb\|Structure Notation of the RNA of CTX A, CLC RNA Workbench]]
		+	{{Clear}}
	== Evolution ==		== Evolution ==
	CTXφ Bacteriophage which is carried by ''Vibrio cholerae'' produces Cholera toxin. Cholera toxin is encoded by the ctxA and ctxB genes that are introduced into V. cholerae strains by horizontal gene transfer <ref>Davis B, Waldor M (2003). "Filamentous phages linked to virulence of Vibrio cholerae". Curr Opin Microbiol 6 (1): 35–42. doi:10.1016/S1369-5274(02)00005-X. PMID 12615217.</ref>.		CTXφ Bacteriophage which is carried by ''Vibrio cholerae'' produces Cholera toxin. Cholera toxin is encoded by the ctxA and ctxB genes that are introduced into V. cholerae strains by horizontal gene transfer <ref>Davis B, Waldor M (2003). "Filamentous phages linked to virulence of Vibrio cholerae". Curr Opin Microbiol 6 (1): 35–42. doi:10.1016/S1369-5274(02)00005-X. PMID 12615217.</ref>.

Alexander Berchansky at 13:02, 18 January 2016

2016-01-18T13:02:00Z

←Older revision		Revision as of 13:02, 18 January 2016
Line 17:		Line 17:
	== Function ==		== Function ==
	Cholera toxin, after being secreted from the ''Vibrio cholerae'', binds to the enterocytes (intestinal cells) by the interaction between the subunit B and GM1 ganglioside[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM1] receptor on enterocytes, which then promotes the toxin endocytosis. Next, A1 turns to an active enzyme after separating with the A2 domain. After the A1 domain of subunit A of the toxin enters the cytosol, it activates adenylate cyclase to produce cAMP through G proteins, which triggers the activation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), leading to watery diarrhea: the efflux of water and ions from cells <ref>Jennifer McDowall, Cholera Toxin, EMBL-EMI, Interpro</ref>.		Cholera toxin, after being secreted from the ''Vibrio cholerae'', binds to the enterocytes (intestinal cells) by the interaction between the subunit B and GM1 ganglioside[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM1] receptor on enterocytes, which then promotes the toxin endocytosis. Next, A1 turns to an active enzyme after separating with the A2 domain. After the A1 domain of subunit A of the toxin enters the cytosol, it activates adenylate cyclase to produce cAMP through G proteins, which triggers the activation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), leading to watery diarrhea: the efflux of water and ions from cells <ref>Jennifer McDowall, Cholera Toxin, EMBL-EMI, Interpro</ref>.
-		+	[[Image:Picture1.png\|right\|300px\|thumb\|Structure Notation of the RNA of CTX A, CLC RNA Workbench]]
	== Evolution ==		== Evolution ==
	CTXφ Bacteriophage which is carried by ''Vibrio cholerae'' produces Cholera toxin. Cholera toxin is encoded by the ctxA and ctxB genes that are introduced into V. cholerae strains by horizontal gene transfer <ref>Davis B, Waldor M (2003). "Filamentous phages linked to virulence of Vibrio cholerae". Curr Opin Microbiol 6 (1): 35–42. doi:10.1016/S1369-5274(02)00005-X. PMID 12615217.</ref>.		CTXφ Bacteriophage which is carried by ''Vibrio cholerae'' produces Cholera toxin. Cholera toxin is encoded by the ctxA and ctxB genes that are introduced into V. cholerae strains by horizontal gene transfer <ref>Davis B, Waldor M (2003). "Filamentous phages linked to virulence of Vibrio cholerae". Curr Opin Microbiol 6 (1): 35–42. doi:10.1016/S1369-5274(02)00005-X. PMID 12615217.</ref>.
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	== Application ==		== Application ==
	Subunit B of cholera toxin is designed to be applied as a neuronal tracer due to its non-toxic characteristic. It also used to identify lipid rafts as florescent tag on the cell surface since lipid rafts contains GM1 gangliosides, which will interact with subunit B during mechanism <ref>Luppi P.H.. "The Discovery of Cholera-Toxin as a Powerful Neuroanatomical Tool". Retrieved 2011-03-23.</ref>. It is demonstrated that cholera toxin subunit B is a sensitive retrograde tracer for the central nervous system <ref>Luppi P.H., Fort P., Jouvet M. Iontophoretic application of unconjugated cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) combined with immunohistochemistry of neurochemical substances: a method for transmitter identification of retrogradely labeled neurons. Brain Res. 534 (1-2) pages : 209-224 (1990)</ref>.		Subunit B of cholera toxin is designed to be applied as a neuronal tracer due to its non-toxic characteristic. It also used to identify lipid rafts as florescent tag on the cell surface since lipid rafts contains GM1 gangliosides, which will interact with subunit B during mechanism <ref>Luppi P.H.. "The Discovery of Cholera-Toxin as a Powerful Neuroanatomical Tool". Retrieved 2011-03-23.</ref>. It is demonstrated that cholera toxin subunit B is a sensitive retrograde tracer for the central nervous system <ref>Luppi P.H., Fort P., Jouvet M. Iontophoretic application of unconjugated cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) combined with immunohistochemistry of neurochemical substances: a method for transmitter identification of retrogradely labeled neurons. Brain Res. 534 (1-2) pages : 209-224 (1990)</ref>.
		+
		+	== Multiple Sequence Alignment ==
		+	[[Image:MSA1.jpg\|left\|450px\|thumb\|Multiple Sequence Alignment-TEXSHADE result.BlastP of CTX A subunit that contains six different species. This is made by Biology Workbench]]
		+	{{Clear}}
		+	'''Selected Sequences:'''
		+
		+	1. Cholera toxin Subunit A
		+
		+	2. Escherichia coli E24377A plasmid pETEC_80, complete sequence
		+
		+	3. Escherichia coli strain 214-III elt operon, complete sequence
		+
		+	4. Vibrio cholerae strain JS9803 prophage Vibrio phage CTX Zot (zot)
		+
		+	5. Vibrio cholera O395 chromosome II, complete sequence
		+
		+	6. Vibrio cholera O1 str. 2010EL-1786 chromosome 1, complete
		+	[[Image:TREE - MAXIMUM LIKEHOOD.PNG\|left\|430px\|thumb\|Phylogenetic Tree of MSA of CTX, Statistic Method:Maximum Likelihood, made by MEGA 5.05]]
	</StructureSection>		</StructureSection>
		+	== External Links ==
		+	PDB ID: 1XTC [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/101/motm_disscussed_entry.do?id=1xtc]
		+
		+	MMDB ID: 52036 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/mmdb/mmdbsrv.cgi?uid=52036]
		+
		+	PubMed[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7658473?dopt=Abstract]
	== 3D Structures of Cholera toxin ==		== 3D Structures of Cholera toxin ==

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	{{#tree:id=OrganizedByTopic\|openlevels=0\|		{{#tree:id=OrganizedByTopic\|openlevels=0\|

-	~~[[Image:Picture1.png\|right\|300px\|thumb\|Structure Notation of the RNA of CTX A, CLC RNA Workbench]]~~	+
-	~~[[Image:TREE - MAXIMUM LIKEHOOD.PNG\|right\|430px\|thumb\|Phylogenetic Tree of MSA of CTX, Statistic Method:Maximum Likelihood, made by MEGA 5.05]]~~	+
	* CTX		* CTX

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	}}		}}
	== See also [[Toxins]] ==		== See also [[Toxins]] ==
-	== Multiple Sequence Alignment ==
-	[[Image:MSA1.jpg\|left\|250px\|thumb\|Multiple Sequence Alignment-TEXSHADE result.BlastP of CTX A subunit that contains six different species. This is made by Biology Workbench]]
-	'''Selected Sequences:'''
-
-	1. Cholera toxin Subunit A
-
-	2. Escherichia coli E24377A plasmid pETEC_80, complete sequence
-
-	3. Escherichia coli strain 214-III elt operon, complete sequence
-
-	4. Vibrio cholerae strain JS9803 prophage Vibrio phage CTX Zot (zot)
-
-	5. Vibrio cholera O395 chromosome II, complete sequence
-
-	6. Vibrio cholera O1 str. 2010EL-1786 chromosome 1, complete


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	<references />		<references />

-	== External Links ==
-	PDB ID: 1XTC [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/101/motm_disscussed_entry.do?id=1xtc]
-
-	MMDB ID: 52036 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/mmdb/mmdbsrv.cgi?uid=52036]

-	PubMed[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7658473?dopt=Abstract]

	[[Category:Topic Page]]		[[Category:Topic Page]]

Alexander Berchansky at 12:58, 18 January 2016

2016-01-18T12:58:28Z

←Older revision		Revision as of 12:58, 18 January 2016
Line 8:		Line 8:
	Cholera toxin(CTX) has two types of subunits: subunit A and subunit B. A subunit contains A1 domain, which includes the enzymatic active site, and A2 domain, which has a α–helix tail. The B subunit contains five chains that form a pentameric ring around the central pore in structure; Subunit A and subunit B are assembled by the α–helix tail of A2 domain, which inserts into the central pore. CTX is the main virulence factor of the pathogen ''Vibrio cholerae'' and cause the major symptom of infection: extreme diarrhea, vomiting, cramps and even death <ref>Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 375. ISBN 0838585299.</ref>,<ref>Faruque SM; Nair GB (editors). (2008). Vibrio cholerae: Genomics and Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-33-2.</ref>,<ref>Jennifer McDowall, Cholera Toxin, EMBL-EMI, Interpro</ref>.		Cholera toxin(CTX) has two types of subunits: subunit A and subunit B. A subunit contains A1 domain, which includes the enzymatic active site, and A2 domain, which has a α–helix tail. The B subunit contains five chains that form a pentameric ring around the central pore in structure; Subunit A and subunit B are assembled by the α–helix tail of A2 domain, which inserts into the central pore. CTX is the main virulence factor of the pathogen ''Vibrio cholerae'' and cause the major symptom of infection: extreme diarrhea, vomiting, cramps and even death <ref>Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 375. ISBN 0838585299.</ref>,<ref>Faruque SM; Nair GB (editors). (2008). Vibrio cholerae: Genomics and Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-33-2.</ref>,<ref>Jennifer McDowall, Cholera Toxin, EMBL-EMI, Interpro</ref>.
	The enzymatic subunit has a globular domain (CTA1) and a long helical domain (CTA2). Once the CTX binds to the cell surface, it is internalized, and its CTA1 domain binds to ADP-ribosylation factor 6(Arf6)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP_ribosylation_factor], enabling its catalytic activity.		The enzymatic subunit has a globular domain (CTA1) and a long helical domain (CTA2). Once the CTX binds to the cell surface, it is internalized, and its CTA1 domain binds to ADP-ribosylation factor 6(Arf6)[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP_ribosylation_factor], enabling its catalytic activity.
-		+	[[Image:1xtc.png\|left\|280px\|thumb\|Crystal Structure of Cholera toxin [[1xtc]]]]
-		+	{{Clear}}
-		+
-	[[Image:1xtc.png\|~~right~~\|280px\|thumb\|Crystal Structure of Cholera toxin [[1xtc]]]]	+
-		+
	== mRNA Structure ==		== mRNA Structure ==
	[[Image:CTX_RNA.png\|left\|280px\|thumb\|mRNA structure of CTX. The structure is predicted by the method of minimum free energy, using RNAfold WebServer.The colors represent the propensity of each nucleotide to participate in base pairs and whether a predicted base pair is well predicted. The scale ranges from red (highest probability) to blue-violet (lower probability).]]		[[Image:CTX_RNA.png\|left\|280px\|thumb\|mRNA structure of CTX. The structure is predicted by the method of minimum free energy, using RNAfold WebServer.The colors represent the propensity of each nucleotide to participate in base pairs and whether a predicted base pair is well predicted. The scale ranges from red (highest probability) to blue-violet (lower probability).]]