1coh - Revision history

OCA at 08:21, 22 May 2024

OCA — Wed, 22 May 2024 08:21:53 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 08:21, 22 May 2024
Line 4:		Line 4:
	== Structural highlights ==		== Structural highlights ==
	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1coh]] is a 4 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1COH OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1COH FirstGlance]. <br>		<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1coh]] is a 4 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1COH OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1COH FirstGlance]. <br>
-	</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=CMO:CARBON+MONOXIDE'>CMO</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=COH:PROTOPORPHYRIN+IX+CONTAINING+CO'>COH</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=HEM:PROTOPORPHYRIN+IX+CONTAINING+FE'>HEM</scene></td></tr>	+	</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models\|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution\|Resolution]] 2.9Å</td></tr>
		+	<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=CMO:CARBON+MONOXIDE'>CMO</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=COH:PROTOPORPHYRIN+IX+CONTAINING+CO'>COH</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=HEM:PROTOPORPHYRIN+IX+CONTAINING+FE'>HEM</scene></td></tr>
	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1coh FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1coh OCA], [https://pdbe.org/1coh PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1coh RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1coh PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=1coh ProSAT]</span></td></tr>		<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1coh FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1coh OCA], [https://pdbe.org/1coh PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1coh RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1coh PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=1coh ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
	</table>		</table>

OCA at 06:51, 8 February 2023

OCA — Wed, 08 Feb 2023 06:51:09 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 06:51, 8 February 2023
Line 3:		Line 3:
	<StructureSection load='1coh' size='340' side='right'caption='[[1coh]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 2.90Å' scene=''>		<StructureSection load='1coh' size='340' side='right'caption='[[1coh]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 2.90Å' scene=''>
	== Structural highlights ==		== Structural highlights ==
-	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1coh]] is a 4 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/~~Human Human~~]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1COH OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1COH FirstGlance]. <br>	+	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1coh]] is a 4 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1COH OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1COH FirstGlance]. <br>
	</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=CMO:CARBON+MONOXIDE'>CMO</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=COH:PROTOPORPHYRIN+IX+CONTAINING+CO'>COH</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=HEM:PROTOPORPHYRIN+IX+CONTAINING+FE'>HEM</scene></td></tr>		</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=CMO:CARBON+MONOXIDE'>CMO</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=COH:PROTOPORPHYRIN+IX+CONTAINING+CO'>COH</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=HEM:PROTOPORPHYRIN+IX+CONTAINING+FE'>HEM</scene></td></tr>
	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1coh FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1coh OCA], [https://pdbe.org/1coh PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1coh RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1coh PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=1coh ProSAT]</span></td></tr>		<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1coh FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1coh OCA], [https://pdbe.org/1coh PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1coh RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1coh PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=1coh ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
	</table>		</table>
	== Disease ==		== Disease ==
-	[[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HBA_HUMAN HBA_HUMAN]] Defects in HBA1 may be a cause of Heinz body anemias (HEIBAN) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/140700 140700]]. This is a form of non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia of Dacie type 1. After splenectomy, which has little benefit, basophilic inclusions called Heinz bodies are demonstrable in the erythrocytes. Before splenectomy, diffuse or punctate basophilia may be evident. Most of these cases are probably instances of hemoglobinopathy. The hemoglobin demonstrates heat lability. Heinz bodies are observed also with the Ivemark syndrome (asplenia with cardiovascular anomalies) and with glutathione peroxidase deficiency.<ref>PMID:2833478</ref> Defects in HBA1 are the cause of alpha-thalassemia (A-THAL) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/604131 604131]]. The thalassemias are the most common monogenic diseases and occur mostly in Mediterranean and Southeast Asian populations. The hallmark of alpha-thalassemia is an imbalance in globin-chain production in the adult HbA molecule. The level of alpha chain production can range from none to very nearly normal levels. Deletion of both copies of each of the two alpha-globin genes causes alpha(0)-thalassemia, also known as homozygous alpha thalassemia. Due to the complete absence of alpha chains, the predominant fetal hemoglobin is a tetramer of gamma-chains (Bart hemoglobin) that has essentially no oxygen carrying capacity. This causes oxygen starvation in the fetal tissues leading to prenatal lethality or early neonatal death. The loss of three alpha genes results in high levels of a tetramer of four beta chains (hemoglobin H), causing a severe and life-threatening anemia known as hemoglobin H disease. Untreated, most patients die in childhood or early adolescence. The loss of two alpha genes results in mild alpha-thalassemia, also known as heterozygous alpha-thalassemia. Affected individuals have small red cells and a mild anemia (microcytosis). If three of the four alpha-globin genes are functional, individuals are completely asymptomatic. Some rare forms of alpha-thalassemia are due to point mutations (non-deletional alpha-thalassemia). The thalassemic phenotype is due to unstable globin alpha chains that are rapidly catabolized prior to formation of the alpha-beta heterotetramers. Note=Alpha(0)-thalassemia is associated with non-immune hydrops fetalis, a generalized edema of the fetus with fluid accumulation in the body cavities due to non-immune causes. Non-immune hydrops fetalis is not a diagnosis in itself but a symptom, a feature of many genetic disorders, and the end-stage of a wide variety of disorders. Defects in HBA1 are the cause of hemoglobin H disease (HBH) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/613978 613978]]. HBH is a form of alpha-thalassemia due to the loss of three alpha genes. This results in high levels of a tetramer of four beta chains (hemoglobin H), causing a severe and life-threatening anemia. Untreated, most patients die in childhood or early adolescence.<ref>PMID:10569720</ref> [[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HBB_HUMAN HBB_HUMAN]] Defects in HBB may be a cause of Heinz body anemias (HEIBAN) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/140700 140700]]. This is a form of non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia of Dacie type 1. After splenectomy, which has little benefit, basophilic inclusions called Heinz bodies are demonstrable in the erythrocytes. Before splenectomy, diffuse or punctate basophilia may be evident. Most of these cases are probably instances of hemoglobinopathy. The hemoglobin demonstrates heat lability. Heinz bodies are observed also with the Ivemark syndrome (asplenia with cardiovascular anomalies) and with glutathione peroxidase deficiency.<ref>PMID:186485</ref> <ref>PMID:6259091</ref> <ref>PMID:2599881</ref> <ref>PMID:8704193</ref> Defects in HBB are the cause of beta-thalassemia (B-THAL) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/613985 613985]]. A form of thalassemia. Thalassemias are common monogenic diseases occurring mostly in Mediterranean and Southeast Asian populations. The hallmark of beta-thalassemia is an imbalance in globin-chain production in the adult HbA molecule. Absence of beta chain causes beta(0)-thalassemia, while reduced amounts of detectable beta globin causes beta(+)-thalassemia. In the severe forms of beta-thalassemia, the excess alpha globin chains accumulate in the developing erythroid precursors in the marrow. Their deposition leads to a vast increase in erythroid apoptosis that in turn causes ineffective erythropoiesis and severe microcytic hypochromic anemia. Clinically, beta-thalassemia is divided into thalassemia major which is transfusion dependent, thalassemia intermedia (of intermediate severity), and thalassemia minor that is asymptomatic.<ref>PMID:1971109</ref> Defects in HBB are the cause of sickle cell anemia (SKCA) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/603903 603903]]; also known as sickle cell disease. Sickle cell anemia is characterized by abnormally shaped red cells resulting in chronic anemia and periodic episodes of pain, serious infections and damage to vital organs. Normal red blood cells are round and flexible and flow easily through blood vessels, but in sickle cell anemia, the abnormal hemoglobin (called Hb S) causes red blood cells to become stiff. They are C-shaped and resembles a sickle. These stiffer red blood cells can led to microvascular occlusion thus cutting off the blood supply to nearby tissues. Defects in HBB are the cause of beta-thalassemia dominant inclusion body type (B-THALIB) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/603902 603902]]. An autosomal dominant form of beta thalassemia characterized by moderate anemia, lifelong jaundice, cholelithiasis and splenomegaly, marked morphologic changes in the red cells, erythroid hyperplasia of the bone marrow with increased numbers of multinucleate red cell precursors, and the presence of large inclusion bodies in the normoblasts, both in the marrow and in the peripheral blood after splenectomy.<ref>PMID:1971109</ref>	+	[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HBA_HUMAN HBA_HUMAN] Defects in HBA1 may be a cause of Heinz body anemias (HEIBAN) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/140700 140700]. This is a form of non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia of Dacie type 1. After splenectomy, which has little benefit, basophilic inclusions called Heinz bodies are demonstrable in the erythrocytes. Before splenectomy, diffuse or punctate basophilia may be evident. Most of these cases are probably instances of hemoglobinopathy. The hemoglobin demonstrates heat lability. Heinz bodies are observed also with the Ivemark syndrome (asplenia with cardiovascular anomalies) and with glutathione peroxidase deficiency.<ref>PMID:2833478</ref> Defects in HBA1 are the cause of alpha-thalassemia (A-THAL) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/604131 604131]. The thalassemias are the most common monogenic diseases and occur mostly in Mediterranean and Southeast Asian populations. The hallmark of alpha-thalassemia is an imbalance in globin-chain production in the adult HbA molecule. The level of alpha chain production can range from none to very nearly normal levels. Deletion of both copies of each of the two alpha-globin genes causes alpha(0)-thalassemia, also known as homozygous alpha thalassemia. Due to the complete absence of alpha chains, the predominant fetal hemoglobin is a tetramer of gamma-chains (Bart hemoglobin) that has essentially no oxygen carrying capacity. This causes oxygen starvation in the fetal tissues leading to prenatal lethality or early neonatal death. The loss of three alpha genes results in high levels of a tetramer of four beta chains (hemoglobin H), causing a severe and life-threatening anemia known as hemoglobin H disease. Untreated, most patients die in childhood or early adolescence. The loss of two alpha genes results in mild alpha-thalassemia, also known as heterozygous alpha-thalassemia. Affected individuals have small red cells and a mild anemia (microcytosis). If three of the four alpha-globin genes are functional, individuals are completely asymptomatic. Some rare forms of alpha-thalassemia are due to point mutations (non-deletional alpha-thalassemia). The thalassemic phenotype is due to unstable globin alpha chains that are rapidly catabolized prior to formation of the alpha-beta heterotetramers. Note=Alpha(0)-thalassemia is associated with non-immune hydrops fetalis, a generalized edema of the fetus with fluid accumulation in the body cavities due to non-immune causes. Non-immune hydrops fetalis is not a diagnosis in itself but a symptom, a feature of many genetic disorders, and the end-stage of a wide variety of disorders. Defects in HBA1 are the cause of hemoglobin H disease (HBH) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/613978 613978]. HBH is a form of alpha-thalassemia due to the loss of three alpha genes. This results in high levels of a tetramer of four beta chains (hemoglobin H), causing a severe and life-threatening anemia. Untreated, most patients die in childhood or early adolescence.<ref>PMID:10569720</ref>
	== Function ==		== Function ==
-	[[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HBA_HUMAN HBA_HUMAN]] Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues. [[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HBB_HUMAN HBB_HUMAN]] Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues.<ref>PMID:16904236</ref> LVV-hemorphin-7 potentiates the activity of bradykinin, causing a decrease in blood pressure.<ref>PMID:16904236</ref>	+	[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HBA_HUMAN HBA_HUMAN] Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues.
	== Evolutionary Conservation ==		== Evolutionary Conservation ==
	[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif\|200px\|right]]		[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif\|200px\|right]]
Line 37:		Line 37:
	__TOC__		__TOC__
	</StructureSection>		</StructureSection>
-	[[Category: ~~Human~~]]	+	[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
	[[Category: Large Structures]]		[[Category: Large Structures]]
-	[[Category: Luisi, B]]	+	[[Category: Luisi B]]
-	~~[[Category: Oxygen transport~~]]	+

OCA at 10:44, 19 May 2021

OCA — Wed, 19 May 2021 10:44:11 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 10:44, 19 May 2021
Line 3:		Line 3:
	<StructureSection load='1coh' size='340' side='right'caption='[[1coh]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 2.90Å' scene=''>		<StructureSection load='1coh' size='340' side='right'caption='[[1coh]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 2.90Å' scene=''>
	== Structural highlights ==		== Structural highlights ==
-	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1coh]] is a 4 chain structure with sequence from [~~http~~://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1COH OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [~~http~~://~~oca~~.~~weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs~~/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1COH FirstGlance]. <br>	+	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1coh]] is a 4 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1COH OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1COH FirstGlance]. <br>
-	</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=CMO:CARBON+MONOXIDE'>CMO</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=COH:PROTOPORPHYRIN+IX+CONTAINING+CO'>COH</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=HEM:PROTOPORPHYRIN+IX+CONTAINING+FE'>HEM</scene></td></tr>	+	</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=CMO:CARBON+MONOXIDE'>CMO</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=COH:PROTOPORPHYRIN+IX+CONTAINING+CO'>COH</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=HEM:PROTOPORPHYRIN+IX+CONTAINING+FE'>HEM</scene></td></tr>
-	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[~~http~~://~~oca~~.~~weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs~~/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1coh FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1coh OCA], [~~http~~://pdbe.org/1coh PDBe], [~~http~~://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1coh RCSB], [~~http~~://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1coh PDBsum], [~~http~~://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=1coh ProSAT]</span></td></tr>	+	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1coh FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1coh OCA], [https://pdbe.org/1coh PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1coh RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1coh PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=1coh ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
	</table>		</table>
	== Disease ==		== Disease ==
-	[[~~http~~://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HBA_HUMAN HBA_HUMAN]] Defects in HBA1 may be a cause of Heinz body anemias (HEIBAN) [MIM:[~~http~~://omim.org/entry/140700 140700]]. This is a form of non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia of Dacie type 1. After splenectomy, which has little benefit, basophilic inclusions called Heinz bodies are demonstrable in the erythrocytes. Before splenectomy, diffuse or punctate basophilia may be evident. Most of these cases are probably instances of hemoglobinopathy. The hemoglobin demonstrates heat lability. Heinz bodies are observed also with the Ivemark syndrome (asplenia with cardiovascular anomalies) and with glutathione peroxidase deficiency.<ref>PMID:2833478</ref> Defects in HBA1 are the cause of alpha-thalassemia (A-THAL) [MIM:[~~http~~://omim.org/entry/604131 604131]]. The thalassemias are the most common monogenic diseases and occur mostly in Mediterranean and Southeast Asian populations. The hallmark of alpha-thalassemia is an imbalance in globin-chain production in the adult HbA molecule. The level of alpha chain production can range from none to very nearly normal levels. Deletion of both copies of each of the two alpha-globin genes causes alpha(0)-thalassemia, also known as homozygous alpha thalassemia. Due to the complete absence of alpha chains, the predominant fetal hemoglobin is a tetramer of gamma-chains (Bart hemoglobin) that has essentially no oxygen carrying capacity. This causes oxygen starvation in the fetal tissues leading to prenatal lethality or early neonatal death. The loss of three alpha genes results in high levels of a tetramer of four beta chains (hemoglobin H), causing a severe and life-threatening anemia known as hemoglobin H disease. Untreated, most patients die in childhood or early adolescence. The loss of two alpha genes results in mild alpha-thalassemia, also known as heterozygous alpha-thalassemia. Affected individuals have small red cells and a mild anemia (microcytosis). If three of the four alpha-globin genes are functional, individuals are completely asymptomatic. Some rare forms of alpha-thalassemia are due to point mutations (non-deletional alpha-thalassemia). The thalassemic phenotype is due to unstable globin alpha chains that are rapidly catabolized prior to formation of the alpha-beta heterotetramers. Note=Alpha(0)-thalassemia is associated with non-immune hydrops fetalis, a generalized edema of the fetus with fluid accumulation in the body cavities due to non-immune causes. Non-immune hydrops fetalis is not a diagnosis in itself but a symptom, a feature of many genetic disorders, and the end-stage of a wide variety of disorders. Defects in HBA1 are the cause of hemoglobin H disease (HBH) [MIM:[~~http~~://omim.org/entry/613978 613978]]. HBH is a form of alpha-thalassemia due to the loss of three alpha genes. This results in high levels of a tetramer of four beta chains (hemoglobin H), causing a severe and life-threatening anemia. Untreated, most patients die in childhood or early adolescence.<ref>PMID:10569720</ref> [[~~http~~://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HBB_HUMAN HBB_HUMAN]] Defects in HBB may be a cause of Heinz body anemias (HEIBAN) [MIM:[~~http~~://omim.org/entry/140700 140700]]. This is a form of non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia of Dacie type 1. After splenectomy, which has little benefit, basophilic inclusions called Heinz bodies are demonstrable in the erythrocytes. Before splenectomy, diffuse or punctate basophilia may be evident. Most of these cases are probably instances of hemoglobinopathy. The hemoglobin demonstrates heat lability. Heinz bodies are observed also with the Ivemark syndrome (asplenia with cardiovascular anomalies) and with glutathione peroxidase deficiency.<ref>PMID:186485</ref> <ref>PMID:6259091</ref> <ref>PMID:2599881</ref> <ref>PMID:8704193</ref> Defects in HBB are the cause of beta-thalassemia (B-THAL) [MIM:[~~http~~://omim.org/entry/613985 613985]]. A form of thalassemia. Thalassemias are common monogenic diseases occurring mostly in Mediterranean and Southeast Asian populations. The hallmark of beta-thalassemia is an imbalance in globin-chain production in the adult HbA molecule. Absence of beta chain causes beta(0)-thalassemia, while reduced amounts of detectable beta globin causes beta(+)-thalassemia. In the severe forms of beta-thalassemia, the excess alpha globin chains accumulate in the developing erythroid precursors in the marrow. Their deposition leads to a vast increase in erythroid apoptosis that in turn causes ineffective erythropoiesis and severe microcytic hypochromic anemia. Clinically, beta-thalassemia is divided into thalassemia major which is transfusion dependent, thalassemia intermedia (of intermediate severity), and thalassemia minor that is asymptomatic.<ref>PMID:1971109</ref> Defects in HBB are the cause of sickle cell anemia (SKCA) [MIM:[~~http~~://omim.org/entry/603903 603903]]; also known as sickle cell disease. Sickle cell anemia is characterized by abnormally shaped red cells resulting in chronic anemia and periodic episodes of pain, serious infections and damage to vital organs. Normal red blood cells are round and flexible and flow easily through blood vessels, but in sickle cell anemia, the abnormal hemoglobin (called Hb S) causes red blood cells to become stiff. They are C-shaped and resembles a sickle. These stiffer red blood cells can led to microvascular occlusion thus cutting off the blood supply to nearby tissues. Defects in HBB are the cause of beta-thalassemia dominant inclusion body type (B-THALIB) [MIM:[~~http~~://omim.org/entry/603902 603902]]. An autosomal dominant form of beta thalassemia characterized by moderate anemia, lifelong jaundice, cholelithiasis and splenomegaly, marked morphologic changes in the red cells, erythroid hyperplasia of the bone marrow with increased numbers of multinucleate red cell precursors, and the presence of large inclusion bodies in the normoblasts, both in the marrow and in the peripheral blood after splenectomy.<ref>PMID:1971109</ref>	+	[[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HBA_HUMAN HBA_HUMAN]] Defects in HBA1 may be a cause of Heinz body anemias (HEIBAN) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/140700 140700]]. This is a form of non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia of Dacie type 1. After splenectomy, which has little benefit, basophilic inclusions called Heinz bodies are demonstrable in the erythrocytes. Before splenectomy, diffuse or punctate basophilia may be evident. Most of these cases are probably instances of hemoglobinopathy. The hemoglobin demonstrates heat lability. Heinz bodies are observed also with the Ivemark syndrome (asplenia with cardiovascular anomalies) and with glutathione peroxidase deficiency.<ref>PMID:2833478</ref> Defects in HBA1 are the cause of alpha-thalassemia (A-THAL) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/604131 604131]]. The thalassemias are the most common monogenic diseases and occur mostly in Mediterranean and Southeast Asian populations. The hallmark of alpha-thalassemia is an imbalance in globin-chain production in the adult HbA molecule. The level of alpha chain production can range from none to very nearly normal levels. Deletion of both copies of each of the two alpha-globin genes causes alpha(0)-thalassemia, also known as homozygous alpha thalassemia. Due to the complete absence of alpha chains, the predominant fetal hemoglobin is a tetramer of gamma-chains (Bart hemoglobin) that has essentially no oxygen carrying capacity. This causes oxygen starvation in the fetal tissues leading to prenatal lethality or early neonatal death. The loss of three alpha genes results in high levels of a tetramer of four beta chains (hemoglobin H), causing a severe and life-threatening anemia known as hemoglobin H disease. Untreated, most patients die in childhood or early adolescence. The loss of two alpha genes results in mild alpha-thalassemia, also known as heterozygous alpha-thalassemia. Affected individuals have small red cells and a mild anemia (microcytosis). If three of the four alpha-globin genes are functional, individuals are completely asymptomatic. Some rare forms of alpha-thalassemia are due to point mutations (non-deletional alpha-thalassemia). The thalassemic phenotype is due to unstable globin alpha chains that are rapidly catabolized prior to formation of the alpha-beta heterotetramers. Note=Alpha(0)-thalassemia is associated with non-immune hydrops fetalis, a generalized edema of the fetus with fluid accumulation in the body cavities due to non-immune causes. Non-immune hydrops fetalis is not a diagnosis in itself but a symptom, a feature of many genetic disorders, and the end-stage of a wide variety of disorders. Defects in HBA1 are the cause of hemoglobin H disease (HBH) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/613978 613978]]. HBH is a form of alpha-thalassemia due to the loss of three alpha genes. This results in high levels of a tetramer of four beta chains (hemoglobin H), causing a severe and life-threatening anemia. Untreated, most patients die in childhood or early adolescence.<ref>PMID:10569720</ref> [[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HBB_HUMAN HBB_HUMAN]] Defects in HBB may be a cause of Heinz body anemias (HEIBAN) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/140700 140700]]. This is a form of non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia of Dacie type 1. After splenectomy, which has little benefit, basophilic inclusions called Heinz bodies are demonstrable in the erythrocytes. Before splenectomy, diffuse or punctate basophilia may be evident. Most of these cases are probably instances of hemoglobinopathy. The hemoglobin demonstrates heat lability. Heinz bodies are observed also with the Ivemark syndrome (asplenia with cardiovascular anomalies) and with glutathione peroxidase deficiency.<ref>PMID:186485</ref> <ref>PMID:6259091</ref> <ref>PMID:2599881</ref> <ref>PMID:8704193</ref> Defects in HBB are the cause of beta-thalassemia (B-THAL) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/613985 613985]]. A form of thalassemia. Thalassemias are common monogenic diseases occurring mostly in Mediterranean and Southeast Asian populations. The hallmark of beta-thalassemia is an imbalance in globin-chain production in the adult HbA molecule. Absence of beta chain causes beta(0)-thalassemia, while reduced amounts of detectable beta globin causes beta(+)-thalassemia. In the severe forms of beta-thalassemia, the excess alpha globin chains accumulate in the developing erythroid precursors in the marrow. Their deposition leads to a vast increase in erythroid apoptosis that in turn causes ineffective erythropoiesis and severe microcytic hypochromic anemia. Clinically, beta-thalassemia is divided into thalassemia major which is transfusion dependent, thalassemia intermedia (of intermediate severity), and thalassemia minor that is asymptomatic.<ref>PMID:1971109</ref> Defects in HBB are the cause of sickle cell anemia (SKCA) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/603903 603903]]; also known as sickle cell disease. Sickle cell anemia is characterized by abnormally shaped red cells resulting in chronic anemia and periodic episodes of pain, serious infections and damage to vital organs. Normal red blood cells are round and flexible and flow easily through blood vessels, but in sickle cell anemia, the abnormal hemoglobin (called Hb S) causes red blood cells to become stiff. They are C-shaped and resembles a sickle. These stiffer red blood cells can led to microvascular occlusion thus cutting off the blood supply to nearby tissues. Defects in HBB are the cause of beta-thalassemia dominant inclusion body type (B-THALIB) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/603902 603902]]. An autosomal dominant form of beta thalassemia characterized by moderate anemia, lifelong jaundice, cholelithiasis and splenomegaly, marked morphologic changes in the red cells, erythroid hyperplasia of the bone marrow with increased numbers of multinucleate red cell precursors, and the presence of large inclusion bodies in the normoblasts, both in the marrow and in the peripheral blood after splenectomy.<ref>PMID:1971109</ref>
	== Function ==		== Function ==
-	[[~~http~~://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HBA_HUMAN HBA_HUMAN]] Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues. [[~~http~~://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HBB_HUMAN HBB_HUMAN]] Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues.<ref>PMID:16904236</ref> LVV-hemorphin-7 potentiates the activity of bradykinin, causing a decrease in blood pressure.<ref>PMID:16904236</ref>	+	[[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HBA_HUMAN HBA_HUMAN]] Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues. [[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HBB_HUMAN HBB_HUMAN]] Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues.<ref>PMID:16904236</ref> LVV-hemorphin-7 potentiates the activity of bradykinin, causing a decrease in blood pressure.<ref>PMID:16904236</ref>
	== Evolutionary Conservation ==		== Evolutionary Conservation ==
	[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif\|200px\|right]]		[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif\|200px\|right]]

OCA at 18:11, 14 August 2019

OCA — Wed, 14 Aug 2019 18:11:29 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 18:11, 14 August 2019
Line 1:		Line 1:

	==STRUCTURE OF HAEMOGLOBIN IN THE DEOXY QUATERNARY STATE WITH LIGAND BOUND AT THE ALPHA HAEMS==		==STRUCTURE OF HAEMOGLOBIN IN THE DEOXY QUATERNARY STATE WITH LIGAND BOUND AT THE ALPHA HAEMS==
-	<StructureSection load='1coh' size='340' side='right' caption='[[1coh]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 2.90Å' scene=''>	+	<StructureSection load='1coh' size='340' side='right'caption='[[1coh]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 2.90Å' scene=''>
	== Structural highlights ==		== Structural highlights ==
	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1coh]] is a 4 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1COH OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1COH FirstGlance]. <br>		<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1coh]] is a 4 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1COH OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1COH FirstGlance]. <br>
Line 15:		Line 15:
	Check<jmol>		Check<jmol>
	<jmolCheckbox>		<jmolCheckbox>
-	<scriptWhenChecked>select protein; define ~consurf_to_do selected; consurf_initial_scene = true; script "/wiki/ConSurf/co/1coh_consurf.spt"</scriptWhenChecked>	+	<scriptWhenChecked>; select protein; define ~consurf_to_do selected; consurf_initial_scene = true; script "/wiki/ConSurf/co/1coh_consurf.spt"</scriptWhenChecked>
	<scriptWhenUnchecked>script /wiki/extensions/Proteopedia/spt/initialview01.spt</scriptWhenUnchecked>		<scriptWhenUnchecked>script /wiki/extensions/Proteopedia/spt/initialview01.spt</scriptWhenUnchecked>
	<text>to colour the structure by Evolutionary Conservation</text>		<text>to colour the structure by Evolutionary Conservation</text>
Line 38:		Line 38:
	</StructureSection>		</StructureSection>
	[[Category: Human]]		[[Category: Human]]
		+	[[Category: Large Structures]]
	[[Category: Luisi, B]]		[[Category: Luisi, B]]
	[[Category: Oxygen transport]]		[[Category: Oxygen transport]]

OCA at 10:50, 8 November 2017

OCA — Wed, 08 Nov 2017 10:50:40 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 10:50, 8 November 2017
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+
	==STRUCTURE OF HAEMOGLOBIN IN THE DEOXY QUATERNARY STATE WITH LIGAND BOUND AT THE ALPHA HAEMS==		==STRUCTURE OF HAEMOGLOBIN IN THE DEOXY QUATERNARY STATE WITH LIGAND BOUND AT THE ALPHA HAEMS==
	<StructureSection load='1coh' size='340' side='right' caption='[[1coh]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 2.90Å' scene=''>		<StructureSection load='1coh' size='340' side='right' caption='[[1coh]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 2.90Å' scene=''>
Line 4:		Line 5:
	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1coh]] is a 4 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1COH OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1COH FirstGlance]. <br>		<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1coh]] is a 4 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1COH OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1COH FirstGlance]. <br>
	</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=CMO:CARBON+MONOXIDE'>CMO</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=COH:PROTOPORPHYRIN+IX+CONTAINING+CO'>COH</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=HEM:PROTOPORPHYRIN+IX+CONTAINING+FE'>HEM</scene></td></tr>		</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=CMO:CARBON+MONOXIDE'>CMO</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=COH:PROTOPORPHYRIN+IX+CONTAINING+CO'>COH</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=HEM:PROTOPORPHYRIN+IX+CONTAINING+FE'>HEM</scene></td></tr>
-	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1coh FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1coh OCA], [http://pdbe.org/1coh PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1coh RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1coh PDBsum]</span></td></tr>	+	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1coh FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1coh OCA], [http://pdbe.org/1coh PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1coh RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1coh PDBsum], [http://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=1coh ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
	</table>		</table>
	== Disease ==		== Disease ==

OCA at 19:29, 7 February 2016

OCA — Sun, 07 Feb 2016 19:29:42 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 19:29, 7 February 2016
Line 18:		Line 18:
	<text>to colour the structure by Evolutionary Conservation</text>		<text>to colour the structure by Evolutionary Conservation</text>
	</jmolCheckbox>		</jmolCheckbox>
-	</jmol>, as determined by [http://consurfdb.tau.ac.il/ ConSurfDB]. You may read the [[Conservation%2C_Evolutionary\|explanation]] of the method and the full data available from [http://bental.tau.ac.il/new_ConSurfDB/~~chain_selection~~.php?pdb_ID=~~2ata~~ ConSurf].	+	</jmol>, as determined by [http://consurfdb.tau.ac.il/ ConSurfDB]. You may read the [[Conservation%2C_Evolutionary\|explanation]] of the method and the full data available from [http://bental.tau.ac.il/new_ConSurfDB/main_output.php?pdb_ID=1coh ConSurf].
	<div style="clear:both"></div>		<div style="clear:both"></div>
	<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">		<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">

OCA at 04:22, 10 September 2015

OCA — Thu, 10 Sep 2015 04:22:46 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 04:22, 10 September 2015
Line 4:		Line 4:
	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1coh]] is a 4 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1COH OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1COH FirstGlance]. <br>		<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1coh]] is a 4 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1COH OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1COH FirstGlance]. <br>
	</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=CMO:CARBON+MONOXIDE'>CMO</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=COH:PROTOPORPHYRIN+IX+CONTAINING+CO'>COH</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=HEM:PROTOPORPHYRIN+IX+CONTAINING+FE'>HEM</scene></td></tr>		</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=CMO:CARBON+MONOXIDE'>CMO</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=COH:PROTOPORPHYRIN+IX+CONTAINING+CO'>COH</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=HEM:PROTOPORPHYRIN+IX+CONTAINING+FE'>HEM</scene></td></tr>
-	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1coh FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1coh OCA], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1coh RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1coh PDBsum]</span></td></tr>	+	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1coh FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1coh OCA], [http://pdbe.org/1coh PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1coh RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1coh PDBsum]</span></td></tr>
	</table>		</table>
	== Disease ==		== Disease ==
Line 28:		Line 28:
	From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>		From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
	</div>		</div>
		+	<div class="pdbe-citations 1coh" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>

	==See Also==		==See Also==

OCA at 18:55, 22 December 2014

OCA — Mon, 22 Dec 2014 18:55:49 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 18:55, 22 December 2014
Line 36:		Line 36:
	</StructureSection>		</StructureSection>
	[[Category: Human]]		[[Category: Human]]
-	[[Category: Luisi, B.]]	+	[[Category: Luisi, B]]
	[[Category: Oxygen transport]]		[[Category: Oxygen transport]]

OCA at 08:15, 22 October 2014

OCA — Wed, 22 Oct 2014 08:15:55 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 08:15, 22 October 2014
Line 2:		Line 2:
	<StructureSection load='1coh' size='340' side='right' caption='[[1coh]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 2.90Å' scene=''>		<StructureSection load='1coh' size='340' side='right' caption='[[1coh]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 2.90Å' scene=''>
	== Structural highlights ==		== Structural highlights ==
-	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1coh]] is a 4 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/~~Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens~~]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1COH OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1COH FirstGlance]. <br>	+	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1coh]] is a 4 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1COH OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1COH FirstGlance]. <br>
-	</td></tr><tr><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=CMO:CARBON+MONOXIDE'>CMO</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=COH:PROTOPORPHYRIN+IX+CONTAINING+CO'>COH</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=HEM:PROTOPORPHYRIN+IX+CONTAINING+FE'>HEM</scene><br>	+	</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=CMO:CARBON+MONOXIDE'>CMO</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=COH:PROTOPORPHYRIN+IX+CONTAINING+CO'>COH</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=HEM:PROTOPORPHYRIN+IX+CONTAINING+FE'>HEM</scene></td></tr>
-	<tr><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1coh FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1coh OCA], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1coh RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1coh PDBsum]</span></td></tr>	+	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1coh FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1coh OCA], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1coh RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1coh PDBsum]</span></td></tr>
-	<table>	+	</table>
	== Disease ==		== Disease ==
-	[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HBB_HUMAN HBB_HUMAN]] Defects in HBB may be a cause of Heinz body anemias (HEIBAN) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/140700 140700]]. This is a form of non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia of Dacie type 1. After splenectomy, which has little benefit, basophilic inclusions called Heinz bodies are demonstrable in the erythrocytes. Before splenectomy, diffuse or punctate basophilia may be evident. Most of these cases are probably instances of hemoglobinopathy. The hemoglobin demonstrates heat lability. Heinz bodies are observed also with the Ivemark syndrome (asplenia with cardiovascular anomalies) and with glutathione peroxidase deficiency.<ref>PMID:186485</ref> <ref>PMID:6259091</ref> <ref>PMID:2599881</ref> <ref>PMID:8704193</ref> Defects in HBB are the cause of beta-thalassemia (B-THAL) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/613985 613985]]. A form of thalassemia. Thalassemias are common monogenic diseases occurring mostly in Mediterranean and Southeast Asian populations. The hallmark of beta-thalassemia is an imbalance in globin-chain production in the adult HbA molecule. Absence of beta chain causes beta(0)-thalassemia, while reduced amounts of detectable beta globin causes beta(+)-thalassemia. In the severe forms of beta-thalassemia, the excess alpha globin chains accumulate in the developing erythroid precursors in the marrow. Their deposition leads to a vast increase in erythroid apoptosis that in turn causes ineffective erythropoiesis and severe microcytic hypochromic anemia. Clinically, beta-thalassemia is divided into thalassemia major which is transfusion dependent, thalassemia intermedia (of intermediate severity), and thalassemia minor that is asymptomatic.<ref>PMID:1971109</ref> Defects in HBB are the cause of sickle cell anemia (SKCA) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/603903 603903]]; also known as sickle cell disease. Sickle cell anemia is characterized by abnormally shaped red cells resulting in chronic anemia and periodic episodes of pain, serious infections and damage to vital organs. Normal red blood cells are round and flexible and flow easily through blood vessels, but in sickle cell anemia, the abnormal hemoglobin (called Hb S) causes red blood cells to become stiff. They are C-shaped and resembles a sickle. These stiffer red blood cells can led to microvascular occlusion thus cutting off the blood supply to nearby tissues. Defects in HBB are the cause of beta-thalassemia dominant inclusion body type (B-THALIB) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/603902 603902]]. An autosomal dominant form of beta thalassemia characterized by moderate anemia, lifelong jaundice, cholelithiasis and splenomegaly, marked morphologic changes in the red cells, erythroid hyperplasia of the bone marrow with increased numbers of multinucleate red cell precursors, and the presence of large inclusion bodies in the normoblasts, both in the marrow and in the peripheral blood after splenectomy.<ref>PMID:1971109</ref>	+	[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HBA_HUMAN HBA_HUMAN]] Defects in HBA1 may be a cause of Heinz body anemias (HEIBAN) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/140700 140700]]. This is a form of non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia of Dacie type 1. After splenectomy, which has little benefit, basophilic inclusions called Heinz bodies are demonstrable in the erythrocytes. Before splenectomy, diffuse or punctate basophilia may be evident. Most of these cases are probably instances of hemoglobinopathy. The hemoglobin demonstrates heat lability. Heinz bodies are observed also with the Ivemark syndrome (asplenia with cardiovascular anomalies) and with glutathione peroxidase deficiency.<ref>PMID:2833478</ref> Defects in HBA1 are the cause of alpha-thalassemia (A-THAL) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/604131 604131]]. The thalassemias are the most common monogenic diseases and occur mostly in Mediterranean and Southeast Asian populations. The hallmark of alpha-thalassemia is an imbalance in globin-chain production in the adult HbA molecule. The level of alpha chain production can range from none to very nearly normal levels. Deletion of both copies of each of the two alpha-globin genes causes alpha(0)-thalassemia, also known as homozygous alpha thalassemia. Due to the complete absence of alpha chains, the predominant fetal hemoglobin is a tetramer of gamma-chains (Bart hemoglobin) that has essentially no oxygen carrying capacity. This causes oxygen starvation in the fetal tissues leading to prenatal lethality or early neonatal death. The loss of three alpha genes results in high levels of a tetramer of four beta chains (hemoglobin H), causing a severe and life-threatening anemia known as hemoglobin H disease. Untreated, most patients die in childhood or early adolescence. The loss of two alpha genes results in mild alpha-thalassemia, also known as heterozygous alpha-thalassemia. Affected individuals have small red cells and a mild anemia (microcytosis). If three of the four alpha-globin genes are functional, individuals are completely asymptomatic. Some rare forms of alpha-thalassemia are due to point mutations (non-deletional alpha-thalassemia). The thalassemic phenotype is due to unstable globin alpha chains that are rapidly catabolized prior to formation of the alpha-beta heterotetramers. Note=Alpha(0)-thalassemia is associated with non-immune hydrops fetalis, a generalized edema of the fetus with fluid accumulation in the body cavities due to non-immune causes. Non-immune hydrops fetalis is not a diagnosis in itself but a symptom, a feature of many genetic disorders, and the end-stage of a wide variety of disorders. Defects in HBA1 are the cause of hemoglobin H disease (HBH) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/613978 613978]]. HBH is a form of alpha-thalassemia due to the loss of three alpha genes. This results in high levels of a tetramer of four beta chains (hemoglobin H), causing a severe and life-threatening anemia. Untreated, most patients die in childhood or early adolescence.<ref>PMID:10569720</ref> [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HBB_HUMAN HBB_HUMAN]] Defects in HBB may be a cause of Heinz body anemias (HEIBAN) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/140700 140700]]. This is a form of non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia of Dacie type 1. After splenectomy, which has little benefit, basophilic inclusions called Heinz bodies are demonstrable in the erythrocytes. Before splenectomy, diffuse or punctate basophilia may be evident. Most of these cases are probably instances of hemoglobinopathy. The hemoglobin demonstrates heat lability. Heinz bodies are observed also with the Ivemark syndrome (asplenia with cardiovascular anomalies) and with glutathione peroxidase deficiency.<ref>PMID:186485</ref> <ref>PMID:6259091</ref> <ref>PMID:2599881</ref> <ref>PMID:8704193</ref> Defects in HBB are the cause of beta-thalassemia (B-THAL) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/613985 613985]]. A form of thalassemia. Thalassemias are common monogenic diseases occurring mostly in Mediterranean and Southeast Asian populations. The hallmark of beta-thalassemia is an imbalance in globin-chain production in the adult HbA molecule. Absence of beta chain causes beta(0)-thalassemia, while reduced amounts of detectable beta globin causes beta(+)-thalassemia. In the severe forms of beta-thalassemia, the excess alpha globin chains accumulate in the developing erythroid precursors in the marrow. Their deposition leads to a vast increase in erythroid apoptosis that in turn causes ineffective erythropoiesis and severe microcytic hypochromic anemia. Clinically, beta-thalassemia is divided into thalassemia major which is transfusion dependent, thalassemia intermedia (of intermediate severity), and thalassemia minor that is asymptomatic.<ref>PMID:1971109</ref> Defects in HBB are the cause of sickle cell anemia (SKCA) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/603903 603903]]; also known as sickle cell disease. Sickle cell anemia is characterized by abnormally shaped red cells resulting in chronic anemia and periodic episodes of pain, serious infections and damage to vital organs. Normal red blood cells are round and flexible and flow easily through blood vessels, but in sickle cell anemia, the abnormal hemoglobin (called Hb S) causes red blood cells to become stiff. They are C-shaped and resembles a sickle. These stiffer red blood cells can led to microvascular occlusion thus cutting off the blood supply to nearby tissues. Defects in HBB are the cause of beta-thalassemia dominant inclusion body type (B-THALIB) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/603902 603902]]. An autosomal dominant form of beta thalassemia characterized by moderate anemia, lifelong jaundice, cholelithiasis and splenomegaly, marked morphologic changes in the red cells, erythroid hyperplasia of the bone marrow with increased numbers of multinucleate red cell precursors, and the presence of large inclusion bodies in the normoblasts, both in the marrow and in the peripheral blood after splenectomy.<ref>PMID:1971109</ref>
	== Function ==		== Function ==
-	[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HBB_HUMAN HBB_HUMAN]] Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues.<ref>PMID:16904236</ref> LVV-hemorphin-7 potentiates the activity of bradykinin, causing a decrease in blood pressure.<ref>PMID:16904236</ref>	+	[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HBA_HUMAN HBA_HUMAN]] Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues. [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HBB_HUMAN HBB_HUMAN]] Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues.<ref>PMID:16904236</ref> LVV-hemorphin-7 potentiates the activity of bradykinin, causing a decrease in blood pressure.<ref>PMID:16904236</ref>
	== Evolutionary Conservation ==		== Evolutionary Conservation ==
	[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif\|200px\|right]]		[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif\|200px\|right]]
Line 35:		Line 35:
	__TOC__		__TOC__
	</StructureSection>		</StructureSection>
-	[[Category: ~~Homo sapiens~~]]	+	[[Category: Human]]
	[[Category: Luisi, B.]]		[[Category: Luisi, B.]]
	[[Category: Oxygen transport]]		[[Category: Oxygen transport]]

OCA at 14:13, 29 September 2014

OCA — Mon, 29 Sep 2014 14:13:57 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 14:13, 29 September 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
-	~~{{STRUCTURE_1coh\| PDB=1coh \| SCENE= }}~~	+	==STRUCTURE OF HAEMOGLOBIN IN THE DEOXY QUATERNARY STATE WITH LIGAND BOUND AT THE ALPHA HAEMS==
-	===STRUCTURE OF HAEMOGLOBIN IN THE DEOXY QUATERNARY STATE WITH LIGAND BOUND AT THE ALPHA HAEMS===	+	<StructureSection load='1coh' size='340' side='right' caption='[[1coh]], [[Resolution\|resolution]] 2.90Å' scene=''>
-	~~{{ABSTRACT_PUBMED_2738915}}~~	+	== Structural highlights ==
		+	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[1coh]] is a 4 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1COH OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1COH FirstGlance]. <br>
		+	</td></tr><tr><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=CMO:CARBON+MONOXIDE'>CMO</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=COH:PROTOPORPHYRIN+IX+CONTAINING+CO'>COH</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=HEM:PROTOPORPHYRIN+IX+CONTAINING+FE'>HEM</scene><br>
		+	<tr><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=1coh FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=1coh OCA], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=1coh RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/1coh PDBsum]</span></td></tr>
		+	<table>
		+	== Disease ==
		+	[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HBB_HUMAN HBB_HUMAN]] Defects in HBB may be a cause of Heinz body anemias (HEIBAN) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/140700 140700]]. This is a form of non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia of Dacie type 1. After splenectomy, which has little benefit, basophilic inclusions called Heinz bodies are demonstrable in the erythrocytes. Before splenectomy, diffuse or punctate basophilia may be evident. Most of these cases are probably instances of hemoglobinopathy. The hemoglobin demonstrates heat lability. Heinz bodies are observed also with the Ivemark syndrome (asplenia with cardiovascular anomalies) and with glutathione peroxidase deficiency.<ref>PMID:186485</ref> <ref>PMID:6259091</ref> <ref>PMID:2599881</ref> <ref>PMID:8704193</ref> Defects in HBB are the cause of beta-thalassemia (B-THAL) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/613985 613985]]. A form of thalassemia. Thalassemias are common monogenic diseases occurring mostly in Mediterranean and Southeast Asian populations. The hallmark of beta-thalassemia is an imbalance in globin-chain production in the adult HbA molecule. Absence of beta chain causes beta(0)-thalassemia, while reduced amounts of detectable beta globin causes beta(+)-thalassemia. In the severe forms of beta-thalassemia, the excess alpha globin chains accumulate in the developing erythroid precursors in the marrow. Their deposition leads to a vast increase in erythroid apoptosis that in turn causes ineffective erythropoiesis and severe microcytic hypochromic anemia. Clinically, beta-thalassemia is divided into thalassemia major which is transfusion dependent, thalassemia intermedia (of intermediate severity), and thalassemia minor that is asymptomatic.<ref>PMID:1971109</ref> Defects in HBB are the cause of sickle cell anemia (SKCA) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/603903 603903]]; also known as sickle cell disease. Sickle cell anemia is characterized by abnormally shaped red cells resulting in chronic anemia and periodic episodes of pain, serious infections and damage to vital organs. Normal red blood cells are round and flexible and flow easily through blood vessels, but in sickle cell anemia, the abnormal hemoglobin (called Hb S) causes red blood cells to become stiff. They are C-shaped and resembles a sickle. These stiffer red blood cells can led to microvascular occlusion thus cutting off the blood supply to nearby tissues. Defects in HBB are the cause of beta-thalassemia dominant inclusion body type (B-THALIB) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/603902 603902]]. An autosomal dominant form of beta thalassemia characterized by moderate anemia, lifelong jaundice, cholelithiasis and splenomegaly, marked morphologic changes in the red cells, erythroid hyperplasia of the bone marrow with increased numbers of multinucleate red cell precursors, and the presence of large inclusion bodies in the normoblasts, both in the marrow and in the peripheral blood after splenectomy.<ref>PMID:1971109</ref>
		+	== Function ==
		+	[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HBB_HUMAN HBB_HUMAN]] Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues.<ref>PMID:16904236</ref> LVV-hemorphin-7 potentiates the activity of bradykinin, causing a decrease in blood pressure.<ref>PMID:16904236</ref>
		+	== Evolutionary Conservation ==
		+	[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif\|200px\|right]]
		+	Check<jmol>
		+	<jmolCheckbox>
		+	<scriptWhenChecked>select protein; define ~consurf_to_do selected; consurf_initial_scene = true; script "/wiki/ConSurf/co/1coh_consurf.spt"</scriptWhenChecked>
		+	<scriptWhenUnchecked>script /wiki/extensions/Proteopedia/spt/initialview01.spt</scriptWhenUnchecked>
		+	<text>to colour the structure by Evolutionary Conservation</text>
		+	</jmolCheckbox>
		+	</jmol>, as determined by [http://consurfdb.tau.ac.il/ ConSurfDB]. You may read the [[Conservation%2C_Evolutionary\|explanation]] of the method and the full data available from [http://bental.tau.ac.il/new_ConSurfDB/chain_selection.php?pdb_ID=2ata ConSurf].
		+	<div style="clear:both"></div>
		+	<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
		+	== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
		+	We report the X-ray crystal structure of two analogues of human haemoglobin in the deoxy quaternary (T) state with ligand bound exclusively at the alpha haems. These models were prepared from symmetric, mixed-metal hybrid haemoglobin molecules. The structures of alpha Fe(II) beta Co(II), its carbonmonoxy derivative alpha Fe(II)CO beta Co(II), and alpha Fe(II)O2 beta Ni(II) are compared with native deoxy haemoglobin by difference Fourier syntheses at 2.8, 2.9 and 3.5 A resolution, respectively, and the refined alpha Fe(II)CO beta Co(II) structure is analysed. In both the native deoxy and liganded T molecules, the mean plane of the alpha-subunit haem is parallel with the axis of the F helix, but this plane is tilted with respect to the helix axis in the oxy-quaternary R state. The side-chains of LeuFG3 and ValFG5 sterically restrict haem tilting in the T state. We propose that strain energy develops at the contact between the haem and these residues in the liganded T-state haemoglobin, and that the strain is, in part, responsible for the low affinity of the T-state alpha haem.

-	~~==Disease==~~	+	Structure of haemoglobin in the deoxy quaternary state with ligand bound at the alpha haems.,Luisi B, Shibayama N J Mol Biol. 1989 Apr 20;206(4):723-36. PMID:2738915<ref>PMID:2738915</ref>
-	~~[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/HBB_HUMAN HBB_HUMAN]] Defects in HBB may be a cause~~ of Heinz body anemias (HEIBAN) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/140700 140700]]. This is a form of non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia of Dacie type 1. After splenectomy, which has little benefit, basophilic inclusions called Heinz bodies are demonstrable in the erythrocytes. Before splenectomy, diffuse or punctate basophilia may be evident. Most of these cases are probably instances of hemoglobinopathy. The hemoglobin demonstrates heat lability. Heinz bodies are observed also with the Ivemark syndrome (asplenia with cardiovascular anomalies) and with glutathione peroxidase deficiency.<ref>PMID:186485</ref><ref>PMID:6259091</ref><ref>PMID:2599881</ref><ref>PMID:8704193</ref> Defects in HBB are the cause of beta-thalassemia (B-THAL) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/613985 613985]]. A form of thalassemia. Thalassemias are common monogenic diseases occurring mostly in Mediterranean and Southeast Asian populations. The hallmark of beta-thalassemia is an imbalance in globin-chain production in the adult HbA molecule. Absence of beta chain causes beta(0)-thalassemia, while reduced amounts of detectable beta globin causes beta(+)-thalassemia. In the severe forms of beta-thalassemia, the excess alpha globin chains accumulate in the developing erythroid precursors in the marrow. Their deposition leads to a vast increase in erythroid apoptosis that in turn causes ineffective erythropoiesis and severe microcytic hypochromic anemia. ~~Clinically~~, ~~beta-thalassemia is divided into thalassemia major which is transfusion dependent~~, ~~thalassemia intermedia (of intermediate severity), and thalassemia minor that is asymptomatic~~.~~<ref>PMID:1971109</ref> Defects in HBB are the cause of sickle cell anemia~~ (~~SKCA~~) ~~[MIM~~:[http://omim.org/entry/603903 603903]]; also known as sickle cell disease. Sickle cell anemia is characterized by abnormally shaped red cells resulting in chronic anemia and periodic episodes of pain, serious infections and damage to vital organs. Normal red blood cells are round and flexible and flow easily through blood vessels, but in sickle cell anemia, the abnormal hemoglobin (called Hb S) causes red blood cells to become stiff. They are C-~~shaped and resembles a sickle~~. These stiffer red blood cells can led to microvascular occlusion thus cutting off the blood supply to nearby tissues. Defects in HBB are the cause of beta-thalassemia dominant inclusion body type (B-THALIB) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/603902 603902]]. An autosomal dominant form of beta thalassemia characterized by moderate anemia, lifelong jaundice, cholelithiasis and splenomegaly, marked morphologic changes in the red cells, erythroid hyperplasia of the bone marrow with increased numbers of multinucleate red cell precursors, and the presence of large inclusion bodies in the normoblasts, both in the marrow and in the peripheral blood after splenectomy.<ref>PMID:~~1971109~~</ref>	+

-	~~==Function==~~	+	From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
-	~~[[http:~~/~~/www~~.~~uniprot~~.~~org/uniprot/HBB_HUMAN HBB_HUMAN]] Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues.<ref>PMID:16904236</ref> LVV-hemorphin-7 potentiates the activity~~ of ~~bradykinin, causing a decrease in blood pressure~~.<~~ref~~>~~PMID:16904236~~</~~ref~~>	+	</div>
-		+
-	~~==About this Structure==~~	+
-	[[1coh]] is a 4 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1COH OCA].	+

	==See Also==		==See Also==
-	*[[Hemoglobin\|Hemoglobin]]	+	*[[Hemoglobin 3D structures\|Hemoglobin 3D structures]]
-		+	== References ==
-	==~~Reference~~==	+	<references/>
-	~~<ref group="xtra">PMID:002738915</ref>~~<references ~~group="xtra"~~/><~~references~~/>	+	__TOC__
		+	</StructureSection>
	[[Category: Homo sapiens]]		[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
	[[Category: Luisi, B.]]		[[Category: Luisi, B.]]
	[[Category: Oxygen transport]]		[[Category: Oxygen transport]]