2mgt - Revision history

OCA at 13:09, 26 July 2023

OCA — Wed, 26 Jul 2023 13:09:15 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 13:09, 26 July 2023
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	==Zinc induced dimer of the metal binding domain 1-16 of human amyloid beta-peptide with Alzheimer's disease pathogenic English mutation H6R==		==Zinc induced dimer of the metal binding domain 1-16 of human amyloid beta-peptide with Alzheimer's disease pathogenic English mutation H6R==
-	<StructureSection load='2mgt' size='340' side='right'caption='[[2mgt~~]], [[NMR_Ensembles_of_Models \| 20 NMR models~~]]' scene=''>	+	<StructureSection load='2mgt' size='340' side='right'caption='[[2mgt]]' scene=''>
	== Structural highlights ==		== Structural highlights ==
-	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2mgt]] is a 2 chain structure. Full experimental information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2MGT OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2MGT FirstGlance]. <br>	+	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2mgt]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full experimental information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2MGT OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2MGT FirstGlance]. <br>
-	</td></tr><tr id='~~ligand~~'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[~~Ligand~~\|~~Ligands~~:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="~~ligandDat~~">~~<scene name='pdbligand=ZN:ZINC+ION'>ZN</scene>~~</td></tr>	+	</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models\|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">Solution NMR</td></tr>
-	<tr id='~~NonStdRes~~'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[~~Non-Standard_Residue~~\|~~NonStd Res~~:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=ACE:ACETYL+GROUP'>ACE</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=NH2:AMINO+GROUP'>NH2</scene></td></tr>	+	<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=ACE:ACETYL+GROUP'>ACE</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=NH2:AMINO+GROUP'>NH2</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=ZN:ZINC+ION'>ZN</scene></td></tr>
	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2mgt FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2mgt OCA], [https://pdbe.org/2mgt PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2mgt RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2mgt PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=2mgt ProSAT]</span></td></tr>		<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2mgt FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2mgt OCA], [https://pdbe.org/2mgt PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2mgt RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2mgt PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=2mgt ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
	</table>		</table>
	== Disease ==		== Disease ==
-	[[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A4_HUMAN A4_HUMAN]] Defects in APP are the cause of Alzheimer disease type 1 (AD1) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/104300 104300]]. AD1 is a familial early-onset form of Alzheimer disease. It can be associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Alzheimer disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive dementia, loss of cognitive abilities, and deposition of fibrillar amyloid proteins as intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles, extracellular amyloid plaques and vascular amyloid deposits. The major constituent of these plaques is the neurotoxic amyloid-beta-APP 40-42 peptide (s), derived proteolytically from the transmembrane precursor protein APP by sequential secretase processing. The cytotoxic C-terminal fragments (CTFs) and the caspase-cleaved products such as C31 derived from APP, are also implicated in neuronal death.<ref>PMID:8476439</ref> <ref>PMID:15201367</ref> <ref>PMID:1671712</ref> <ref>PMID:1908231</ref> <ref>PMID:1678058</ref> <ref>PMID:1944558</ref> <ref>PMID:1925564</ref> <ref>PMID:1415269</ref> <ref>PMID:1303239</ref> <ref>PMID:1302033</ref> <ref>PMID:1303275</ref> <ref>PMID:8267572</ref> <ref>PMID:8290042</ref> <ref>PMID:8577393</ref> <ref>PMID:9328472</ref> <ref>PMID:9754958</ref> <ref>PMID:10097173</ref> <ref>PMID:10631141</ref> <ref>PMID:10665499</ref> <ref>PMID:10867787</ref> <ref>PMID:11063718</ref> <ref>PMID:11311152</ref> <ref>PMID:11528419</ref> <ref>PMID:12034808</ref> <ref>PMID:15365148</ref> <ref>PMID:15668448</ref> Defects in APP are the cause of cerebral amyloid angiopathy APP-related (CAA-APP) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/605714 605714]]. A hereditary localized amyloidosis due to amyloid-beta A4 peptide(s) deposition in the cerebral vessels. The principal clinical characteristics are recurrent cerebral and cerebellar hemorrhages, recurrent strokes, cerebral ischemia, cerebral infarction, and progressive mental deterioration. Patients develop cerebral hemorrhage because of the severe cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Parenchymal amyloid deposits are rare and largely in the form of pre-amyloid lesions or diffuse plaque-like structures. They are Congo red negative and lack the dense amyloid cores commonly present in Alzheimer disease. Some affected individuals manifest progressive aphasic dementia, leukoencephalopathy, and occipital calcifications.<ref>PMID:10821838</ref> <ref>PMID:2111584</ref> <ref>PMID:11409420</ref> <ref>PMID:12654973</ref> <ref>PMID:16178030</ref>	+	[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A4_HUMAN A4_HUMAN] Defects in APP are the cause of Alzheimer disease type 1 (AD1) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/104300 104300]. AD1 is a familial early-onset form of Alzheimer disease. It can be associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Alzheimer disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive dementia, loss of cognitive abilities, and deposition of fibrillar amyloid proteins as intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles, extracellular amyloid plaques and vascular amyloid deposits. The major constituent of these plaques is the neurotoxic amyloid-beta-APP 40-42 peptide (s), derived proteolytically from the transmembrane precursor protein APP by sequential secretase processing. The cytotoxic C-terminal fragments (CTFs) and the caspase-cleaved products such as C31 derived from APP, are also implicated in neuronal death.<ref>PMID:8476439</ref> <ref>PMID:15201367</ref> <ref>PMID:1671712</ref> <ref>PMID:1908231</ref> <ref>PMID:1678058</ref> <ref>PMID:1944558</ref> <ref>PMID:1925564</ref> <ref>PMID:1415269</ref> <ref>PMID:1303239</ref> <ref>PMID:1302033</ref> <ref>PMID:1303275</ref> <ref>PMID:8267572</ref> <ref>PMID:8290042</ref> <ref>PMID:8577393</ref> <ref>PMID:9328472</ref> <ref>PMID:9754958</ref> <ref>PMID:10097173</ref> <ref>PMID:10631141</ref> <ref>PMID:10665499</ref> <ref>PMID:10867787</ref> <ref>PMID:11063718</ref> <ref>PMID:11311152</ref> <ref>PMID:11528419</ref> <ref>PMID:12034808</ref> <ref>PMID:15365148</ref> <ref>PMID:15668448</ref> Defects in APP are the cause of cerebral amyloid angiopathy APP-related (CAA-APP) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/605714 605714]. A hereditary localized amyloidosis due to amyloid-beta A4 peptide(s) deposition in the cerebral vessels. The principal clinical characteristics are recurrent cerebral and cerebellar hemorrhages, recurrent strokes, cerebral ischemia, cerebral infarction, and progressive mental deterioration. Patients develop cerebral hemorrhage because of the severe cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Parenchymal amyloid deposits are rare and largely in the form of pre-amyloid lesions or diffuse plaque-like structures. They are Congo red negative and lack the dense amyloid cores commonly present in Alzheimer disease. Some affected individuals manifest progressive aphasic dementia, leukoencephalopathy, and occipital calcifications.<ref>PMID:10821838</ref> <ref>PMID:2111584</ref> <ref>PMID:11409420</ref> <ref>PMID:12654973</ref> <ref>PMID:16178030</ref>
	== Function ==		== Function ==
-	[[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A4_HUMAN A4_HUMAN]] Functions as a cell surface receptor and performs physiological functions on the surface of neurons relevant to neurite growth, neuronal adhesion and axonogenesis. Involved in cell mobility and transcription regulation through protein-protein interactions. Can promote transcription activation through binding to APBB1-KAT5 and inhibits Notch signaling through interaction with Numb. Couples to apoptosis-inducing pathways such as those mediated by G(O) and JIP. Inhibits G(o) alpha ATPase activity (By similarity). Acts as a kinesin I membrane receptor, mediating the axonal transport of beta-secretase and presenilin 1. Involved in copper homeostasis/oxidative stress through copper ion reduction. In vitro, copper-metallated APP induces neuronal death directly or is potentiated through Cu(2+)-mediated low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Can regulate neurite outgrowth through binding to components of the extracellular matrix such as heparin and collagen I and IV. The splice isoforms that contain the BPTI domain possess protease inhibitor activity. Induces a AGER-dependent pathway that involves activation of p38 MAPK, resulting in internalization of amyloid-beta peptide and leading to mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured cortical neurons. Provides Cu(2+) ions for GPC1 which are required for release of nitric oxide (NO) and subsequent degradation of the heparan sulfate chains on GPC1.<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref> Beta-amyloid peptides are lipophilic metal chelators with metal-reducing activity. Bind transient metals such as copper, zinc and iron. In vitro, can reduce Cu(2+) and Fe(3+) to Cu(+) and Fe(2+), respectively. Beta-amyloid 42 is a more effective reductant than beta-amyloid 40. Beta-amyloid peptides bind to lipoproteins and apolipoproteins E and J in the CSF and to HDL particles in plasma, inhibiting metal-catalyzed oxidation of lipoproteins. Beta-APP42 may activate mononuclear phagocytes in the brain and elicit inflammatory responses. Promotes both tau aggregation and TPK II-mediated phosphorylation. Interaction with Also bind GPC1 in lipid rafts.<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref> Appicans elicit adhesion of neural cells to the extracellular matrix and may regulate neurite outgrowth in the brain (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref> The gamma-CTF peptides as well as the caspase-cleaved peptides, including C31, are potent enhancers of neuronal apoptosis.<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref> N-APP binds TNFRSF21 triggering caspase activation and degeneration of both neuronal cell bodies (via caspase-3) and axons (via caspase-6).<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref>	+	[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A4_HUMAN A4_HUMAN] Functions as a cell surface receptor and performs physiological functions on the surface of neurons relevant to neurite growth, neuronal adhesion and axonogenesis. Involved in cell mobility and transcription regulation through protein-protein interactions. Can promote transcription activation through binding to APBB1-KAT5 and inhibits Notch signaling through interaction with Numb. Couples to apoptosis-inducing pathways such as those mediated by G(O) and JIP. Inhibits G(o) alpha ATPase activity (By similarity). Acts as a kinesin I membrane receptor, mediating the axonal transport of beta-secretase and presenilin 1. Involved in copper homeostasis/oxidative stress through copper ion reduction. In vitro, copper-metallated APP induces neuronal death directly or is potentiated through Cu(2+)-mediated low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Can regulate neurite outgrowth through binding to components of the extracellular matrix such as heparin and collagen I and IV. The splice isoforms that contain the BPTI domain possess protease inhibitor activity. Induces a AGER-dependent pathway that involves activation of p38 MAPK, resulting in internalization of amyloid-beta peptide and leading to mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured cortical neurons. Provides Cu(2+) ions for GPC1 which are required for release of nitric oxide (NO) and subsequent degradation of the heparan sulfate chains on GPC1.<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref> Beta-amyloid peptides are lipophilic metal chelators with metal-reducing activity. Bind transient metals such as copper, zinc and iron. In vitro, can reduce Cu(2+) and Fe(3+) to Cu(+) and Fe(2+), respectively. Beta-amyloid 42 is a more effective reductant than beta-amyloid 40. Beta-amyloid peptides bind to lipoproteins and apolipoproteins E and J in the CSF and to HDL particles in plasma, inhibiting metal-catalyzed oxidation of lipoproteins. Beta-APP42 may activate mononuclear phagocytes in the brain and elicit inflammatory responses. Promotes both tau aggregation and TPK II-mediated phosphorylation. Interaction with Also bind GPC1 in lipid rafts.<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref> Appicans elicit adhesion of neural cells to the extracellular matrix and may regulate neurite outgrowth in the brain (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref> The gamma-CTF peptides as well as the caspase-cleaved peptides, including C31, are potent enhancers of neuronal apoptosis.<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref> N-APP binds TNFRSF21 triggering caspase activation and degeneration of both neuronal cell bodies (via caspase-3) and axons (via caspase-6).<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref>
	<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">		<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
	== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==		== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
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	__TOC__		__TOC__
	</StructureSection>		</StructureSection>
		+	[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
	[[Category: Large Structures]]		[[Category: Large Structures]]
-	[[Category: Istrate, A]]	+	[[Category: Istrate A]]
-	[[Category: Kozin, S]]	+	[[Category: Kozin S]]
-	[[Category: Polshakov, V]]	+	[[Category: Polshakov V]]
-	~~[[Category: Alzheimer's disease]]~~	+
-	~~[[Category: Human amyloid -peptide]]~~	+
-	~~[[Category: Metal binding protein]]~~	+
-	~~[[Category: Protein fibril]]~~	+
-	~~[[Category: Zinc binding~~]]	+

OCA at 20:49, 20 October 2021

OCA — Wed, 20 Oct 2021 20:49:09 GMT

OCA at 08:33, 1 January 2020

OCA — Wed, 01 Jan 2020 08:33:48 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 08:33, 1 January 2020
Line 1:		Line 1:

	==Zinc induced dimer of the metal binding domain 1-16 of human amyloid beta-peptide with Alzheimer's disease pathogenic English mutation H6R==		==Zinc induced dimer of the metal binding domain 1-16 of human amyloid beta-peptide with Alzheimer's disease pathogenic English mutation H6R==
-	<StructureSection load='2mgt' size='340' side='right' caption='[[2mgt]], [[NMR_Ensembles_of_Models \| 20 NMR models]]' scene=''>	+	<StructureSection load='2mgt' size='340' side='right'caption='[[2mgt]], [[NMR_Ensembles_of_Models \| 20 NMR models]]' scene=''>
	== Structural highlights ==		== Structural highlights ==
	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2mgt]] is a 2 chain structure. Full experimental information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2MGT OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2MGT FirstGlance]. <br>		<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2mgt]] is a 2 chain structure. Full experimental information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2MGT OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2MGT FirstGlance]. <br>
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	<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">		<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
	== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==		== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
-	~~NMR spectroscopy was recognized as a method~~ of ~~protein structure determination~~ in ~~solution. However, determination of~~ the ~~conformation of small peptides~~, ~~which undergo fast molecular motions, remains a challenge. This is mainly caused by impossibility to collect required quantity of the distance~~ and ~~dihedral angle restraints from NMR spectra. At the same time, short charged peptides play an important role in a number~~ of ~~biological processes, in particular in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including~~ Alzheimer's disease. ~~Therefore development~~ of a ~~method for structure calculation of small peptides~~ in a ~~water environment using the most realistic force fields seems to be~~ of ~~current importance. Such algorithm has been developed using~~ the ~~Amber-03 force field and software package Gromacs after updating its program code~~. ~~The algorithm of calculation has been verified on a model peptide for which the solution~~ structure ~~is known,~~ and on the metal binding ~~fragment of rat beta~~-~~amyloid for which structure has been determined~~ by ~~alternative methods~~. The ~~developed algorithm substantially increases quality of structures~~, ~~in particular Ramachandran plot statistics, and decreases RMSD~~ of ~~coordinates~~ of ~~atoms inside calculated family~~. ~~The described protocol of calculation~~ can be ~~used~~ for ~~determination~~ of ~~conformation of short peptides, and also for structure optimization of larger proteins containing poorly structured fragments~~.	+	Conformational changes of Abeta peptide result in its transformation from native monomeric state to the toxic soluble dimers, oligomers and insoluble aggregates that are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Interactions of zinc ions with Abeta are mediated by the N-terminal Abeta(1-16) domain and appear to play a key role in AD progression. There is a range of results indicating that these interactions trigger the Abeta plaque formation. We have determined structure and functional characteristics of the metal binding domains derived from several Abeta variants and found that their zinc-induced oligomerization is governed by conformational changes in the minimal zinc binding site 6HDSGYEVHH14. The residue H6 and segment 11EVHH14, which are part of this site are crucial for formation of the two zinc-mediated interaction interfaces in Abeta. These structural determinants can be considered as promising targets for rational design of the AD-modifying drugs aimed at blocking pathological Abeta aggregation.

-	~~[Optimization~~ of the ~~methods for small~~ peptide ~~solution structure determination by NMR spectroscopy]~~.,Istrate AN, Mantsyzov AB, ~~Kozin SA~~, ~~Pol'shakov~~ VI ~~Mol Biol (Mosk)~~. ~~2010 Nov-Dec~~;~~44(~~6):~~1075-85~~. PMID:~~21290829~~<ref>PMID:~~21290829~~</ref>	+	Interplay of histidine residues of the Alzheimer's disease Abeta peptide governs its Zn-induced oligomerization.,Istrate AN, Kozin SA, Zhokhov SS, Mantsyzov AB, Kechko OI, Pastore A, Makarov AA, Polshakov VI Sci Rep. 2016 Feb 22;6:21734. doi: 10.1038/srep21734. PMID:26898943<ref>PMID:26898943</ref>

	From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>		From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
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	__TOC__		__TOC__
	</StructureSection>		</StructureSection>
		+	[[Category: Large Structures]]
	[[Category: Istrate, A]]		[[Category: Istrate, A]]
	[[Category: Kozin, S]]		[[Category: Kozin, S]]

OCA at 22:43, 9 August 2018

OCA — Thu, 09 Aug 2018 22:43:29 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 22:43, 9 August 2018
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	</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=ZN:ZINC+ION'>ZN</scene></td></tr>		</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=ZN:ZINC+ION'>ZN</scene></td></tr>
	<tr id='NonStdRes'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Non-Standard_Residue\|NonStd Res:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=ACE:ACETYL+GROUP'>ACE</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=NH2:AMINO+GROUP'>NH2</scene></td></tr>		<tr id='NonStdRes'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Non-Standard_Residue\|NonStd Res:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=ACE:ACETYL+GROUP'>ACE</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=NH2:AMINO+GROUP'>NH2</scene></td></tr>
-	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2mgt FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2mgt OCA], [http://pdbe.org/2mgt PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2mgt RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2mgt PDBsum]</span></td></tr>	+	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2mgt FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2mgt OCA], [http://pdbe.org/2mgt PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2mgt RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2mgt PDBsum], [http://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=2mgt ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
	</table>		</table>
	== Disease ==		== Disease ==

OCA at 06:46, 2 March 2016

OCA — Wed, 02 Mar 2016 06:46:00 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 06:46, 2 March 2016
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+
	==Zinc induced dimer of the metal binding domain 1-16 of human amyloid beta-peptide with Alzheimer's disease pathogenic English mutation H6R==		==Zinc induced dimer of the metal binding domain 1-16 of human amyloid beta-peptide with Alzheimer's disease pathogenic English mutation H6R==
	<StructureSection load='2mgt' size='340' side='right' caption='[[2mgt]], [[NMR_Ensembles_of_Models \| 20 NMR models]]' scene=''>		<StructureSection load='2mgt' size='340' side='right' caption='[[2mgt]], [[NMR_Ensembles_of_Models \| 20 NMR models]]' scene=''>

OCA at 20:50, 10 September 2015

OCA — Thu, 10 Sep 2015 20:50:37 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 20:50, 10 September 2015
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	</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=ZN:ZINC+ION'>ZN</scene></td></tr>		</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=ZN:ZINC+ION'>ZN</scene></td></tr>
	<tr id='NonStdRes'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Non-Standard_Residue\|NonStd Res:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=ACE:ACETYL+GROUP'>ACE</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=NH2:AMINO+GROUP'>NH2</scene></td></tr>		<tr id='NonStdRes'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Non-Standard_Residue\|NonStd Res:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=ACE:ACETYL+GROUP'>ACE</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=NH2:AMINO+GROUP'>NH2</scene></td></tr>
-	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2mgt FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2mgt OCA], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2mgt RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2mgt PDBsum]</span></td></tr>	+	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2mgt FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2mgt OCA], [http://pdbe.org/2mgt PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2mgt RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2mgt PDBsum]</span></td></tr>
	</table>		</table>
	== Disease ==		== Disease ==
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	From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>		From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
	</div>		</div>
		+	<div class="pdbe-citations 2mgt" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>
	== References ==		== References ==
	<references/>		<references/>

OCA at 06:47, 12 November 2014

OCA — Wed, 12 Nov 2014 06:47:01 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 06:47, 12 November 2014
Line 1:		Line 1:
-	'''~~Unreleased~~ structure'''	+	==Zinc induced dimer of the metal binding domain 1-16 of human amyloid beta-peptide with Alzheimer's disease pathogenic English mutation H6R==
		+	<StructureSection load='2mgt' size='340' side='right' caption='[[2mgt]], [[NMR_Ensembles_of_Models \| 20 NMR models]]' scene=''>
		+	== Structural highlights ==
		+	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2mgt]] is a 2 chain structure. Full experimental information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2MGT OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2MGT FirstGlance]. <br>
		+	</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=ZN:ZINC+ION'>ZN</scene></td></tr>
		+	<tr id='NonStdRes'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Non-Standard_Residue\|NonStd Res:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=ACE:ACETYL+GROUP'>ACE</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=NH2:AMINO+GROUP'>NH2</scene></td></tr>
		+	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2mgt FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2mgt OCA], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2mgt RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2mgt PDBsum]</span></td></tr>
		+	</table>
		+	== Disease ==
		+	[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A4_HUMAN A4_HUMAN]] Defects in APP are the cause of Alzheimer disease type 1 (AD1) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/104300 104300]]. AD1 is a familial early-onset form of Alzheimer disease. It can be associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Alzheimer disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive dementia, loss of cognitive abilities, and deposition of fibrillar amyloid proteins as intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles, extracellular amyloid plaques and vascular amyloid deposits. The major constituent of these plaques is the neurotoxic amyloid-beta-APP 40-42 peptide (s), derived proteolytically from the transmembrane precursor protein APP by sequential secretase processing. The cytotoxic C-terminal fragments (CTFs) and the caspase-cleaved products such as C31 derived from APP, are also implicated in neuronal death.<ref>PMID:8476439</ref> <ref>PMID:15201367</ref> <ref>PMID:1671712</ref> <ref>PMID:1908231</ref> <ref>PMID:1678058</ref> <ref>PMID:1944558</ref> <ref>PMID:1925564</ref> <ref>PMID:1415269</ref> <ref>PMID:1303239</ref> <ref>PMID:1302033</ref> <ref>PMID:1303275</ref> <ref>PMID:8267572</ref> <ref>PMID:8290042</ref> <ref>PMID:8577393</ref> <ref>PMID:9328472</ref> <ref>PMID:9754958</ref> <ref>PMID:10097173</ref> <ref>PMID:10631141</ref> <ref>PMID:10665499</ref> <ref>PMID:10867787</ref> <ref>PMID:11063718</ref> <ref>PMID:11311152</ref> <ref>PMID:11528419</ref> <ref>PMID:12034808</ref> <ref>PMID:15365148</ref> <ref>PMID:15668448</ref> Defects in APP are the cause of cerebral amyloid angiopathy APP-related (CAA-APP) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/605714 605714]]. A hereditary localized amyloidosis due to amyloid-beta A4 peptide(s) deposition in the cerebral vessels. The principal clinical characteristics are recurrent cerebral and cerebellar hemorrhages, recurrent strokes, cerebral ischemia, cerebral infarction, and progressive mental deterioration. Patients develop cerebral hemorrhage because of the severe cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Parenchymal amyloid deposits are rare and largely in the form of pre-amyloid lesions or diffuse plaque-like structures. They are Congo red negative and lack the dense amyloid cores commonly present in Alzheimer disease. Some affected individuals manifest progressive aphasic dementia, leukoencephalopathy, and occipital calcifications.<ref>PMID:10821838</ref> <ref>PMID:2111584</ref> <ref>PMID:11409420</ref> <ref>PMID:12654973</ref> <ref>PMID:16178030</ref>
		+	== Function ==
		+	[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A4_HUMAN A4_HUMAN]] Functions as a cell surface receptor and performs physiological functions on the surface of neurons relevant to neurite growth, neuronal adhesion and axonogenesis. Involved in cell mobility and transcription regulation through protein-protein interactions. Can promote transcription activation through binding to APBB1-KAT5 and inhibits Notch signaling through interaction with Numb. Couples to apoptosis-inducing pathways such as those mediated by G(O) and JIP. Inhibits G(o) alpha ATPase activity (By similarity). Acts as a kinesin I membrane receptor, mediating the axonal transport of beta-secretase and presenilin 1. Involved in copper homeostasis/oxidative stress through copper ion reduction. In vitro, copper-metallated APP induces neuronal death directly or is potentiated through Cu(2+)-mediated low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Can regulate neurite outgrowth through binding to components of the extracellular matrix such as heparin and collagen I and IV. The splice isoforms that contain the BPTI domain possess protease inhibitor activity. Induces a AGER-dependent pathway that involves activation of p38 MAPK, resulting in internalization of amyloid-beta peptide and leading to mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured cortical neurons. Provides Cu(2+) ions for GPC1 which are required for release of nitric oxide (NO) and subsequent degradation of the heparan sulfate chains on GPC1.<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref> Beta-amyloid peptides are lipophilic metal chelators with metal-reducing activity. Bind transient metals such as copper, zinc and iron. In vitro, can reduce Cu(2+) and Fe(3+) to Cu(+) and Fe(2+), respectively. Beta-amyloid 42 is a more effective reductant than beta-amyloid 40. Beta-amyloid peptides bind to lipoproteins and apolipoproteins E and J in the CSF and to HDL particles in plasma, inhibiting metal-catalyzed oxidation of lipoproteins. Beta-APP42 may activate mononuclear phagocytes in the brain and elicit inflammatory responses. Promotes both tau aggregation and TPK II-mediated phosphorylation. Interaction with Also bind GPC1 in lipid rafts.<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref> Appicans elicit adhesion of neural cells to the extracellular matrix and may regulate neurite outgrowth in the brain (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref> The gamma-CTF peptides as well as the caspase-cleaved peptides, including C31, are potent enhancers of neuronal apoptosis.<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref> N-APP binds TNFRSF21 triggering caspase activation and degeneration of both neuronal cell bodies (via caspase-3) and axons (via caspase-6).<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref>
		+	<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
		+	== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
		+	NMR spectroscopy was recognized as a method of protein structure determination in solution. However, determination of the conformation of small peptides, which undergo fast molecular motions, remains a challenge. This is mainly caused by impossibility to collect required quantity of the distance and dihedral angle restraints from NMR spectra. At the same time, short charged peptides play an important role in a number of biological processes, in particular in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. Therefore development of a method for structure calculation of small peptides in a water environment using the most realistic force fields seems to be of current importance. Such algorithm has been developed using the Amber-03 force field and software package Gromacs after updating its program code. The algorithm of calculation has been verified on a model peptide for which the solution structure is known, and on the metal binding fragment of rat beta-amyloid for which structure has been determined by alternative methods. The developed algorithm substantially increases quality of structures, in particular Ramachandran plot statistics, and decreases RMSD of coordinates of atoms inside calculated family. The described protocol of calculation can be used for determination of conformation of short peptides, and also for structure optimization of larger proteins containing poorly structured fragments.

-	~~The entry 2mgt is ON HOLD until Paper Publication~~	+	[Optimization of the methods for small peptide solution structure determination by NMR spectroscopy].,Istrate AN, Mantsyzov AB, Kozin SA, Pol'shakov VI Mol Biol (Mosk). 2010 Nov-Dec;44(6):1075-85. PMID:21290829<ref>PMID:21290829</ref>

-	~~Authors: Polshakov~~, V., Istrate, A., Kozin, S.	+	From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
-		+	</div>
-	~~Description~~: ~~Zinc induced dimer of the metal binding domain 1-16 of human amyloid beta-peptide with~~ Alzheimer's disease ~~pathogenic English mutation H6R~~	+	== References ==
		+	<references/>
		+	__TOC__
		+	</StructureSection>
		+	[[Category: Istrate, A]]
		+	[[Category: Kozin, S]]
		+	[[Category: Polshakov, V]]
		+	[[Category: Alzheimer's disease]]
		+	[[Category: Human amyloid -peptide]]
		+	[[Category: Metal binding protein]]
		+	[[Category: Protein fibril]]
		+	[[Category: Zinc binding]]

OCA at 09:07, 27 November 2013

OCA — Wed, 27 Nov 2013 09:07:52 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 09:07, 27 November 2013
Line 1:		Line 1:
	'''Unreleased structure'''		'''Unreleased structure'''

-	The entry 2mgt is ON HOLD	+	The entry 2mgt is ON HOLD until Paper Publication

	Authors: Polshakov, V., Istrate, A., Kozin, S.		Authors: Polshakov, V., Istrate, A., Kozin, S.

	Description: Zinc induced dimer of the metal binding domain 1-16 of human amyloid beta-peptide with Alzheimer's disease pathogenic English mutation H6R		Description: Zinc induced dimer of the metal binding domain 1-16 of human amyloid beta-peptide with Alzheimer's disease pathogenic English mutation H6R

OCA at 12:29, 20 November 2013

OCA — Wed, 20 Nov 2013 12:29:21 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 12:29, 20 November 2013
Line 5:		Line 5:
	Authors: Polshakov, V., Istrate, A., Kozin, S.		Authors: Polshakov, V., Istrate, A., Kozin, S.

-	Description: Zinc induced dimer of the metal binding domain 1-16 of human amyloid beta-peptide with Alzheimer`s disease pathogenic English mutation H6R	+	Description: Zinc induced dimer of the metal binding domain 1-16 of human amyloid beta-peptide with Alzheimer's disease pathogenic English mutation H6R

OCA: Protected "2mgt" [edit=sysop:move=sysop]

OCA — Wed, 13 Nov 2013 07:01:44 GMT

Protected "2mgt" [edit=sysop:move=sysop]

←Older revision

Revision as of 07:01, 13 November 2013

←Older revision		Revision as of 20:49, 20 October 2021
Line 3:		Line 3:
	<StructureSection load='2mgt' size='340' side='right'caption='[[2mgt]], [[NMR_Ensembles_of_Models \| 20 NMR models]]' scene=''>		<StructureSection load='2mgt' size='340' side='right'caption='[[2mgt]], [[NMR_Ensembles_of_Models \| 20 NMR models]]' scene=''>
	== Structural highlights ==		== Structural highlights ==
-	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2mgt]] is a 2 chain structure. Full experimental information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2MGT OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [~~http~~://~~oca~~.~~weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs~~/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2MGT FirstGlance]. <br>	+	<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[2mgt]] is a 2 chain structure. Full experimental information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=2MGT OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2MGT FirstGlance]. <br>
-	</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=ZN:ZINC+ION'>ZN</scene></td></tr>	+	</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand\|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=ZN:ZINC+ION'>ZN</scene></td></tr>
	<tr id='NonStdRes'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Non-Standard_Residue\|NonStd Res:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=ACE:ACETYL+GROUP'>ACE</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=NH2:AMINO+GROUP'>NH2</scene></td></tr>		<tr id='NonStdRes'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Non-Standard_Residue\|NonStd Res:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=ACE:ACETYL+GROUP'>ACE</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=NH2:AMINO+GROUP'>NH2</scene></td></tr>
-	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[~~http~~://~~oca~~.~~weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs~~/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2mgt FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2mgt OCA], [~~http~~://pdbe.org/2mgt PDBe], [~~http~~://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2mgt RCSB], [~~http~~://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2mgt PDBsum], [~~http~~://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=2mgt ProSAT]</span></td></tr>	+	<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=2mgt FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=2mgt OCA], [https://pdbe.org/2mgt PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=2mgt RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/2mgt PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=2mgt ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
	</table>		</table>
	== Disease ==		== Disease ==
-	[[~~http~~://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A4_HUMAN A4_HUMAN]] Defects in APP are the cause of Alzheimer disease type 1 (AD1) [MIM:[~~http~~://omim.org/entry/104300 104300]]. AD1 is a familial early-onset form of Alzheimer disease. It can be associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Alzheimer disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive dementia, loss of cognitive abilities, and deposition of fibrillar amyloid proteins as intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles, extracellular amyloid plaques and vascular amyloid deposits. The major constituent of these plaques is the neurotoxic amyloid-beta-APP 40-42 peptide (s), derived proteolytically from the transmembrane precursor protein APP by sequential secretase processing. The cytotoxic C-terminal fragments (CTFs) and the caspase-cleaved products such as C31 derived from APP, are also implicated in neuronal death.<ref>PMID:8476439</ref> <ref>PMID:15201367</ref> <ref>PMID:1671712</ref> <ref>PMID:1908231</ref> <ref>PMID:1678058</ref> <ref>PMID:1944558</ref> <ref>PMID:1925564</ref> <ref>PMID:1415269</ref> <ref>PMID:1303239</ref> <ref>PMID:1302033</ref> <ref>PMID:1303275</ref> <ref>PMID:8267572</ref> <ref>PMID:8290042</ref> <ref>PMID:8577393</ref> <ref>PMID:9328472</ref> <ref>PMID:9754958</ref> <ref>PMID:10097173</ref> <ref>PMID:10631141</ref> <ref>PMID:10665499</ref> <ref>PMID:10867787</ref> <ref>PMID:11063718</ref> <ref>PMID:11311152</ref> <ref>PMID:11528419</ref> <ref>PMID:12034808</ref> <ref>PMID:15365148</ref> <ref>PMID:15668448</ref> Defects in APP are the cause of cerebral amyloid angiopathy APP-related (CAA-APP) [MIM:[~~http~~://omim.org/entry/605714 605714]]. A hereditary localized amyloidosis due to amyloid-beta A4 peptide(s) deposition in the cerebral vessels. The principal clinical characteristics are recurrent cerebral and cerebellar hemorrhages, recurrent strokes, cerebral ischemia, cerebral infarction, and progressive mental deterioration. Patients develop cerebral hemorrhage because of the severe cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Parenchymal amyloid deposits are rare and largely in the form of pre-amyloid lesions or diffuse plaque-like structures. They are Congo red negative and lack the dense amyloid cores commonly present in Alzheimer disease. Some affected individuals manifest progressive aphasic dementia, leukoencephalopathy, and occipital calcifications.<ref>PMID:10821838</ref> <ref>PMID:2111584</ref> <ref>PMID:11409420</ref> <ref>PMID:12654973</ref> <ref>PMID:16178030</ref>	+	[[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A4_HUMAN A4_HUMAN]] Defects in APP are the cause of Alzheimer disease type 1 (AD1) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/104300 104300]]. AD1 is a familial early-onset form of Alzheimer disease. It can be associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Alzheimer disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive dementia, loss of cognitive abilities, and deposition of fibrillar amyloid proteins as intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles, extracellular amyloid plaques and vascular amyloid deposits. The major constituent of these plaques is the neurotoxic amyloid-beta-APP 40-42 peptide (s), derived proteolytically from the transmembrane precursor protein APP by sequential secretase processing. The cytotoxic C-terminal fragments (CTFs) and the caspase-cleaved products such as C31 derived from APP, are also implicated in neuronal death.<ref>PMID:8476439</ref> <ref>PMID:15201367</ref> <ref>PMID:1671712</ref> <ref>PMID:1908231</ref> <ref>PMID:1678058</ref> <ref>PMID:1944558</ref> <ref>PMID:1925564</ref> <ref>PMID:1415269</ref> <ref>PMID:1303239</ref> <ref>PMID:1302033</ref> <ref>PMID:1303275</ref> <ref>PMID:8267572</ref> <ref>PMID:8290042</ref> <ref>PMID:8577393</ref> <ref>PMID:9328472</ref> <ref>PMID:9754958</ref> <ref>PMID:10097173</ref> <ref>PMID:10631141</ref> <ref>PMID:10665499</ref> <ref>PMID:10867787</ref> <ref>PMID:11063718</ref> <ref>PMID:11311152</ref> <ref>PMID:11528419</ref> <ref>PMID:12034808</ref> <ref>PMID:15365148</ref> <ref>PMID:15668448</ref> Defects in APP are the cause of cerebral amyloid angiopathy APP-related (CAA-APP) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/605714 605714]]. A hereditary localized amyloidosis due to amyloid-beta A4 peptide(s) deposition in the cerebral vessels. The principal clinical characteristics are recurrent cerebral and cerebellar hemorrhages, recurrent strokes, cerebral ischemia, cerebral infarction, and progressive mental deterioration. Patients develop cerebral hemorrhage because of the severe cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Parenchymal amyloid deposits are rare and largely in the form of pre-amyloid lesions or diffuse plaque-like structures. They are Congo red negative and lack the dense amyloid cores commonly present in Alzheimer disease. Some affected individuals manifest progressive aphasic dementia, leukoencephalopathy, and occipital calcifications.<ref>PMID:10821838</ref> <ref>PMID:2111584</ref> <ref>PMID:11409420</ref> <ref>PMID:12654973</ref> <ref>PMID:16178030</ref>
	== Function ==		== Function ==
-	[[~~http~~://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A4_HUMAN A4_HUMAN]] Functions as a cell surface receptor and performs physiological functions on the surface of neurons relevant to neurite growth, neuronal adhesion and axonogenesis. Involved in cell mobility and transcription regulation through protein-protein interactions. Can promote transcription activation through binding to APBB1-KAT5 and inhibits Notch signaling through interaction with Numb. Couples to apoptosis-inducing pathways such as those mediated by G(O) and JIP. Inhibits G(o) alpha ATPase activity (By similarity). Acts as a kinesin I membrane receptor, mediating the axonal transport of beta-secretase and presenilin 1. Involved in copper homeostasis/oxidative stress through copper ion reduction. In vitro, copper-metallated APP induces neuronal death directly or is potentiated through Cu(2+)-mediated low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Can regulate neurite outgrowth through binding to components of the extracellular matrix such as heparin and collagen I and IV. The splice isoforms that contain the BPTI domain possess protease inhibitor activity. Induces a AGER-dependent pathway that involves activation of p38 MAPK, resulting in internalization of amyloid-beta peptide and leading to mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured cortical neurons. Provides Cu(2+) ions for GPC1 which are required for release of nitric oxide (NO) and subsequent degradation of the heparan sulfate chains on GPC1.<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref> Beta-amyloid peptides are lipophilic metal chelators with metal-reducing activity. Bind transient metals such as copper, zinc and iron. In vitro, can reduce Cu(2+) and Fe(3+) to Cu(+) and Fe(2+), respectively. Beta-amyloid 42 is a more effective reductant than beta-amyloid 40. Beta-amyloid peptides bind to lipoproteins and apolipoproteins E and J in the CSF and to HDL particles in plasma, inhibiting metal-catalyzed oxidation of lipoproteins. Beta-APP42 may activate mononuclear phagocytes in the brain and elicit inflammatory responses. Promotes both tau aggregation and TPK II-mediated phosphorylation. Interaction with Also bind GPC1 in lipid rafts.<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref> Appicans elicit adhesion of neural cells to the extracellular matrix and may regulate neurite outgrowth in the brain (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref> The gamma-CTF peptides as well as the caspase-cleaved peptides, including C31, are potent enhancers of neuronal apoptosis.<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref> N-APP binds TNFRSF21 triggering caspase activation and degeneration of both neuronal cell bodies (via caspase-3) and axons (via caspase-6).<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref>	+	[[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A4_HUMAN A4_HUMAN]] Functions as a cell surface receptor and performs physiological functions on the surface of neurons relevant to neurite growth, neuronal adhesion and axonogenesis. Involved in cell mobility and transcription regulation through protein-protein interactions. Can promote transcription activation through binding to APBB1-KAT5 and inhibits Notch signaling through interaction with Numb. Couples to apoptosis-inducing pathways such as those mediated by G(O) and JIP. Inhibits G(o) alpha ATPase activity (By similarity). Acts as a kinesin I membrane receptor, mediating the axonal transport of beta-secretase and presenilin 1. Involved in copper homeostasis/oxidative stress through copper ion reduction. In vitro, copper-metallated APP induces neuronal death directly or is potentiated through Cu(2+)-mediated low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Can regulate neurite outgrowth through binding to components of the extracellular matrix such as heparin and collagen I and IV. The splice isoforms that contain the BPTI domain possess protease inhibitor activity. Induces a AGER-dependent pathway that involves activation of p38 MAPK, resulting in internalization of amyloid-beta peptide and leading to mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured cortical neurons. Provides Cu(2+) ions for GPC1 which are required for release of nitric oxide (NO) and subsequent degradation of the heparan sulfate chains on GPC1.<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref> Beta-amyloid peptides are lipophilic metal chelators with metal-reducing activity. Bind transient metals such as copper, zinc and iron. In vitro, can reduce Cu(2+) and Fe(3+) to Cu(+) and Fe(2+), respectively. Beta-amyloid 42 is a more effective reductant than beta-amyloid 40. Beta-amyloid peptides bind to lipoproteins and apolipoproteins E and J in the CSF and to HDL particles in plasma, inhibiting metal-catalyzed oxidation of lipoproteins. Beta-APP42 may activate mononuclear phagocytes in the brain and elicit inflammatory responses. Promotes both tau aggregation and TPK II-mediated phosphorylation. Interaction with Also bind GPC1 in lipid rafts.<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref> Appicans elicit adhesion of neural cells to the extracellular matrix and may regulate neurite outgrowth in the brain (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref> The gamma-CTF peptides as well as the caspase-cleaved peptides, including C31, are potent enhancers of neuronal apoptosis.<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref> N-APP binds TNFRSF21 triggering caspase activation and degeneration of both neuronal cell bodies (via caspase-3) and axons (via caspase-6).<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref>
	<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">		<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
	== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==		== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==