DNA - Revision history

Karsten Theis at 17:31, 5 August 2023

Karsten Theis — Sat, 05 Aug 2023 17:31:35 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 17:31, 5 August 2023
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	\|BAMBEDDOI=10.1002/bmb.20566		\|BAMBEDDOI=10.1002/bmb.20566
	}}		}}
-	<StructureSection load='B-DNA.pdb' size='450' side='right' scene='DNA/B-dna/7' caption='The double-helical structure of B-DNA, shown as ball-and-stick (colored by element {{Template:ColorKey_Element_C}} {{Template:ColorKey_Element_H}} {{Template:ColorKey_Element_O}} {{Template:ColorKey_Element_N}} {{Template:ColorKey_Element_P}}) with the helical conformation of the sugar-phosphate shown as orange ribbon, and the planes of the nucleobases (drag ~~the molecule~~ down to see them) in orange as well.'>	+	<StructureSection load='B-DNA.pdb' size='450' side='right' scene='DNA/B-dna/7' caption='The double-helical structure of B-DNA, shown as ball-and-stick (colored by element {{Template:ColorKey_Element_C}} {{Template:ColorKey_Element_H}} {{Template:ColorKey_Element_O}} {{Template:ColorKey_Element_N}} {{Template:ColorKey_Element_P}}) with the helical conformation of the sugar-phosphate shown as orange ribbon, and the planes of the nucleobases (drag down in the viewer to see them) in orange as well.'>

	'''Deoxyribonucleic acid''' or '''DNA''' is a molecule which is the carrier of genetic information in nearly all the living organisms. It contains the biological instructions for the development, survival and reproduction of organisms.		'''Deoxyribonucleic acid''' or '''DNA''' is a molecule which is the carrier of genetic information in nearly all the living organisms. It contains the biological instructions for the development, survival and reproduction of organisms.

Karsten Theis at 17:28, 5 August 2023

Karsten Theis — Sat, 05 Aug 2023 17:28:34 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 17:28, 5 August 2023
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	\|BAMBEDDOI=10.1002/bmb.20566		\|BAMBEDDOI=10.1002/bmb.20566
	}}		}}
-	<StructureSection load='B-DNA.pdb' size='450' side='right' scene='DNA/B-dna/7' caption='The double-helical structure of B-DNA, shown as ball-and-stick (colored by element {{Template:ColorKey_Element_C}} {{Template:ColorKey_Element_H}} {{Template:ColorKey_Element_O}} {{Template:ColorKey_Element_N}} {{Template:ColorKey_Element_P}}) with the helical conformation of the sugar-phosphate shown as orange ribbon, the planes of the nucleobases in orange as well.'>	+	<StructureSection load='B-DNA.pdb' size='450' side='right' scene='DNA/B-dna/7' caption='The double-helical structure of B-DNA, shown as ball-and-stick (colored by element {{Template:ColorKey_Element_C}} {{Template:ColorKey_Element_H}} {{Template:ColorKey_Element_O}} {{Template:ColorKey_Element_N}} {{Template:ColorKey_Element_P}}) with the helical conformation of the sugar-phosphate shown as orange ribbon, and the planes of the nucleobases (drag the molecule down to see them) in orange as well.'>

	'''Deoxyribonucleic acid''' or '''DNA''' is a molecule which is the carrier of genetic information in nearly all the living organisms. It contains the biological instructions for the development, survival and reproduction of organisms.		'''Deoxyribonucleic acid''' or '''DNA''' is a molecule which is the carrier of genetic information in nearly all the living organisms. It contains the biological instructions for the development, survival and reproduction of organisms.

Karsten Theis at 17:27, 5 August 2023

Karsten Theis — Sat, 05 Aug 2023 17:27:04 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 17:27, 5 August 2023
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	\|BAMBEDDOI=10.1002/bmb.20566		\|BAMBEDDOI=10.1002/bmb.20566
	}}		}}
-	<StructureSection load='B-DNA.pdb' size='450' side='right' scene='DNA/B-dna/7' caption='The double-helical structure of B-DNA, shown as ball-and-stick (colored by element {{Template:ColorKey_Element_C}}{{Template:ColorKey_Element_H}}{{Template:ColorKey_Element_O}}{{Template:ColorKey_Element_N}}{{Template:ColorKey_Element_P}}) with the helical conformation of the sugar-phosphate shown as orange ribbon, the planes of the nucleobases in orange as well.'>	+	<StructureSection load='B-DNA.pdb' size='450' side='right' scene='DNA/B-dna/7' caption='The double-helical structure of B-DNA, shown as ball-and-stick (colored by element {{Template:ColorKey_Element_C}} {{Template:ColorKey_Element_H}} {{Template:ColorKey_Element_O}} {{Template:ColorKey_Element_N}} {{Template:ColorKey_Element_P}}) with the helical conformation of the sugar-phosphate shown as orange ribbon, the planes of the nucleobases in orange as well.'>

	'''Deoxyribonucleic acid''' or '''DNA''' is a molecule which is the carrier of genetic information in nearly all the living organisms. It contains the biological instructions for the development, survival and reproduction of organisms.		'''Deoxyribonucleic acid''' or '''DNA''' is a molecule which is the carrier of genetic information in nearly all the living organisms. It contains the biological instructions for the development, survival and reproduction of organisms.

Karsten Theis at 17:25, 5 August 2023

Karsten Theis — Sat, 05 Aug 2023 17:25:34 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 17:25, 5 August 2023
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	\|BAMBEDDOI=10.1002/bmb.20566		\|BAMBEDDOI=10.1002/bmb.20566
	}}		}}
-	<StructureSection load='B-DNA.pdb' size='450' side='right' scene='DNA/B-dna/7' caption='B-DNA'>	+	<StructureSection load='B-DNA.pdb' size='450' side='right' scene='DNA/B-dna/7' caption='The double-helical structure of B-DNA, shown as ball-and-stick (colored by element {{Template:ColorKey_Element_C}}{{Template:ColorKey_Element_H}}{{Template:ColorKey_Element_O}}{{Template:ColorKey_Element_N}}{{Template:ColorKey_Element_P}}) with the helical conformation of the sugar-phosphate shown as orange ribbon, the planes of the nucleobases in orange as well.'>

	'''Deoxyribonucleic acid''' or '''DNA''' is a molecule which is the carrier of genetic information in nearly all the living organisms. It contains the biological instructions for the development, survival and reproduction of organisms.		'''Deoxyribonucleic acid''' or '''DNA''' is a molecule which is the carrier of genetic information in nearly all the living organisms. It contains the biological instructions for the development, survival and reproduction of organisms.

Karsten Theis at 12:50, 28 July 2020

Karsten Theis — Tue, 28 Jul 2020 12:50:14 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 12:50, 28 July 2020
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	The two chains in a DNA are joined by hydrogen bonds between specific bases. Adenine forms base pairs with thymine and guanine with cytosine. This specific base pairing between <scene name='User:Adithya_Sagar/Workbench_newDNA/B-dna/14'>Adenine-Thymine</scene> and <scene name='User:Adithya_Sagar/Workbench_newDNA/B-dna/15'>Guanine-Cytosine</scene> is known as the Watson-Crick base pairing. The specificity of hydrogen bonding between bases leads to complementarity in the sequence of nucleotides in the two chains.<ref name='structure'>A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid		The two chains in a DNA are joined by hydrogen bonds between specific bases. Adenine forms base pairs with thymine and guanine with cytosine. This specific base pairing between <scene name='User:Adithya_Sagar/Workbench_newDNA/B-dna/14'>Adenine-Thymine</scene> and <scene name='User:Adithya_Sagar/Workbench_newDNA/B-dna/15'>Guanine-Cytosine</scene> is known as the Watson-Crick base pairing. The specificity of hydrogen bonding between bases leads to complementarity in the sequence of nucleotides in the two chains.<ref name='structure'>A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
	Watson J.D. and Crick F.H.C.		Watson J.D. and Crick F.H.C.
-	Nature 171, 737-738 (1953)</ref> Thus in a strand of DNA the content of adenine is equal to that of thymine and the guanine content is equal to the cytosine content. In general DNA with higher GC content is more stable than the one with higher AT content owing to the stabilization due to base stacking interactions.	+	Nature 171, 737-738 (1953)</ref> Thus in a strand of DNA the content of adenine is equal to that of thymine and the guanine content is equal to the cytosine content. In general DNA with higher GC content is more stable than the one with higher AT content owing to the stabilization due to [[base stacking]] interactions.

	=== DNA denaturation and renaturation ===		=== DNA denaturation and renaturation ===

Alexander Berchansky at 12:05, 13 August 2017

Alexander Berchansky — Sun, 13 Aug 2017 12:05:15 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 12:05, 13 August 2017
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	=== Double Helix ===		=== Double Helix ===
	<scene name='User:Adithya_Sagar/Sandbox_DNA/B-dna/4'>DNA</scene> consists of two polynucleotide chains, <scene name='DNA/B-dna/16'>twisted around each other to form a double helix</scene>. The <scene name='10/100853/Nucleotide/2'>nucleotide</scene> in DNA is composed of a <scene name='10/100853/Phosphate/3'>phosphate</scene> bonded to the 5' of <scene name='10/100853/Deoxyribose/2'>D-2'-deoxyribose</scene> which is connected by a beta-glycosidic bond to a purine or a pyrimidine <scene name='10/100853/Base/2'>base</scene>. The <scene name='10/100853/Ribose_pucker/3'>ring pucker</scene> of ribose is a main determinant of which of the [[Forms of DNA]] is present. In this scene, which shows B DNA, the 2' carbon is out of the plane of the other members of the five membered ring. In <scene name='10/100853/3_endo_a_dna/2'>A form DNA</scene>, the 3' carbon is out of the plane of the ribose ring.		<scene name='User:Adithya_Sagar/Sandbox_DNA/B-dna/4'>DNA</scene> consists of two polynucleotide chains, <scene name='DNA/B-dna/16'>twisted around each other to form a double helix</scene>. The <scene name='10/100853/Nucleotide/2'>nucleotide</scene> in DNA is composed of a <scene name='10/100853/Phosphate/3'>phosphate</scene> bonded to the 5' of <scene name='10/100853/Deoxyribose/2'>D-2'-deoxyribose</scene> which is connected by a beta-glycosidic bond to a purine or a pyrimidine <scene name='10/100853/Base/2'>base</scene>. The <scene name='10/100853/Ribose_pucker/3'>ring pucker</scene> of ribose is a main determinant of which of the [[Forms of DNA]] is present. In this scene, which shows B DNA, the 2' carbon is out of the plane of the other members of the five membered ring. In <scene name='10/100853/3_endo_a_dna/2'>A form DNA</scene>, the 3' carbon is out of the plane of the ribose ring.
-	The four types of bases are the two double-ringed purine base <scene name='10/100853/B-dna/38'>Adenine (A)</scene> and <scene name='10/100853/B-dna/39'>Guanine (G)</scene> and the two single-ringed pyrimidine bases <scene name='10/100853/B-dna/40'>Thymine (T)</scene> and <scene name='10/100853/B-dna/41'>Cytosine (C)</scene>. Hydrogen atoms on some nitrogen and oxygen atom can undergo tautomeric shifts. The nitrogen atoms that are involved in forming tautomer appear as amino or imino groups and the oxygen atoms are either in keto or enol forms. Using an isolate thymine to illustrate the <scene name='DNA/Thymine_enol/1'>imino/enol tautomer</scene> and the <scene name='DNA/Thymine_keto/3'>amino/keto tautomer</scene>. There is a preference for the amino and keto forms which is very crucial for the biological functioning of DNA as it provides a <scene name='10/100853/Amino-glycosidic/2'>ring nitrogen capable of forming a glycosidic bond</scene> with the deoxyribose and it leads to the specificity of hydrogen bonding in base pairing and thus complementarity of the chains.<ref name='Watson'> Watson, James D, Nancy H. Hopkins, Jeffrey W. Roberts, Joan Argetsinger Steitz, Alan M.Weiner ''Molecular Biology of Gene'' (4th ed.). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc.pp. 239-249. ISBN 0-8053-9612-8</ref> The imino nitrogen can only serve as a donating atom in hydrogen bonding, but the amino nitrogen can also serve as a receiving atom. Each nucleotide in a DNA chain is linked to another via <scene name='~~DNA~~/Diester/2'>3',5' phosphodiester bond</scene>. There are four nucleotides in DNA. The sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA is very regular owing to the phosphodiester linkage whereas the ordering of bases is highly irregular.<ref name='Watson'> Watson, James D, Nancy H. Hopkins, Jeffrey W. Roberts, Joan Argetsinger Steitz, Alan M.Weiner ''Molecular Biology of Gene'' (4th ed.). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc.pp. 239-249. ISBN 0-8053-9612-8</ref>	+	The four types of bases are the two double-ringed purine base <scene name='10/100853/B-dna/38'>Adenine (A)</scene> and <scene name='10/100853/B-dna/39'>Guanine (G)</scene> and the two single-ringed pyrimidine bases <scene name='10/100853/B-dna/40'>Thymine (T)</scene> and <scene name='10/100853/B-dna/41'>Cytosine (C)</scene>. Hydrogen atoms on some nitrogen and oxygen atom can undergo tautomeric shifts. The nitrogen atoms that are involved in forming tautomer appear as amino or imino groups and the oxygen atoms are either in keto or enol forms. Using an isolate thymine to illustrate the <scene name='DNA/Thymine_enol/1'>imino/enol tautomer</scene> and the <scene name='DNA/Thymine_keto/3'>amino/keto tautomer</scene>. There is a preference for the amino and keto forms which is very crucial for the biological functioning of DNA as it provides a <scene name='10/100853/Amino-glycosidic/2'>ring nitrogen capable of forming a glycosidic bond</scene> with the deoxyribose and it leads to the specificity of hydrogen bonding in base pairing and thus complementarity of the chains.<ref name='Watson'> Watson, James D, Nancy H. Hopkins, Jeffrey W. Roberts, Joan Argetsinger Steitz, Alan M.Weiner ''Molecular Biology of Gene'' (4th ed.). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc.pp. 239-249. ISBN 0-8053-9612-8</ref> The imino nitrogen can only serve as a donating atom in hydrogen bonding, but the amino nitrogen can also serve as a receiving atom. Each nucleotide in a DNA chain is linked to another via <scene name='10/100853/Diester/3'>3',5' phosphodiester bond</scene>. There are four nucleotides in DNA. The sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA is very regular owing to the phosphodiester linkage whereas the ordering of bases is highly irregular.<ref name='Watson'> Watson, James D, Nancy H. Hopkins, Jeffrey W. Roberts, Joan Argetsinger Steitz, Alan M.Weiner ''Molecular Biology of Gene'' (4th ed.). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc.pp. 239-249. ISBN 0-8053-9612-8</ref>
	<scene name='DNA/B-dna/17'>Restore View</scene>		<scene name='DNA/B-dna/17'>Restore View</scene>
	{\| class="wikitable" align= "center''		{\| class="wikitable" align= "center''

Alexander Berchansky at 12:01, 13 August 2017

Alexander Berchansky — Sun, 13 Aug 2017 12:01:38 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 12:01, 13 August 2017
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	=== Double Helix ===		=== Double Helix ===
	<scene name='User:Adithya_Sagar/Sandbox_DNA/B-dna/4'>DNA</scene> consists of two polynucleotide chains, <scene name='DNA/B-dna/16'>twisted around each other to form a double helix</scene>. The <scene name='10/100853/Nucleotide/2'>nucleotide</scene> in DNA is composed of a <scene name='10/100853/Phosphate/3'>phosphate</scene> bonded to the 5' of <scene name='10/100853/Deoxyribose/2'>D-2'-deoxyribose</scene> which is connected by a beta-glycosidic bond to a purine or a pyrimidine <scene name='10/100853/Base/2'>base</scene>. The <scene name='10/100853/Ribose_pucker/3'>ring pucker</scene> of ribose is a main determinant of which of the [[Forms of DNA]] is present. In this scene, which shows B DNA, the 2' carbon is out of the plane of the other members of the five membered ring. In <scene name='10/100853/3_endo_a_dna/2'>A form DNA</scene>, the 3' carbon is out of the plane of the ribose ring.		<scene name='User:Adithya_Sagar/Sandbox_DNA/B-dna/4'>DNA</scene> consists of two polynucleotide chains, <scene name='DNA/B-dna/16'>twisted around each other to form a double helix</scene>. The <scene name='10/100853/Nucleotide/2'>nucleotide</scene> in DNA is composed of a <scene name='10/100853/Phosphate/3'>phosphate</scene> bonded to the 5' of <scene name='10/100853/Deoxyribose/2'>D-2'-deoxyribose</scene> which is connected by a beta-glycosidic bond to a purine or a pyrimidine <scene name='10/100853/Base/2'>base</scene>. The <scene name='10/100853/Ribose_pucker/3'>ring pucker</scene> of ribose is a main determinant of which of the [[Forms of DNA]] is present. In this scene, which shows B DNA, the 2' carbon is out of the plane of the other members of the five membered ring. In <scene name='10/100853/3_endo_a_dna/2'>A form DNA</scene>, the 3' carbon is out of the plane of the ribose ring.
-	The four types of bases are the two double-ringed purine base <scene name='10/100853/B-dna/38'>Adenine (A)</scene> and <scene name='10/100853/B-dna/39'>Guanine (G)</scene> and the two single-ringed pyrimidine bases <scene name='10/100853/B-dna/40'>Thymine (T)</scene> and <scene name='10/100853/B-dna/41'>Cytosine (C)</scene>. Hydrogen atoms on some nitrogen and oxygen atom can undergo tautomeric shifts. The nitrogen atoms that are involved in forming tautomer appear as amino or imino groups and the oxygen atoms are either in keto or enol forms. Using an isolate thymine to illustrate the <scene name='DNA/Thymine_enol/1'>imino/enol tautomer</scene> and the <scene name='DNA/Thymine_keto/3'>amino/keto tautomer</scene>. There is a preference for the amino and keto forms which is very crucial for the biological functioning of DNA as it provides a <scene name='~~DNA~~/Amino-glycosidic/1'>ring nitrogen capable of forming a glycosidic bond</scene> with the deoxyribose and it leads to the specificity of hydrogen bonding in base pairing and thus complementarity of the chains.<ref name='Watson'> Watson, James D, Nancy H. Hopkins, Jeffrey W. Roberts, Joan Argetsinger Steitz, Alan M.Weiner ''Molecular Biology of Gene'' (4th ed.). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc.pp. 239-249. ISBN 0-8053-9612-8</ref> The imino nitrogen can only serve as a donating atom in hydrogen bonding, but the amino nitrogen can also serve as a receiving atom. Each nucleotide in a DNA chain is linked to another via <scene name='DNA/Diester/2'>3',5' phosphodiester bond</scene>. There are four nucleotides in DNA. The sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA is very regular owing to the phosphodiester linkage whereas the ordering of bases is highly irregular.<ref name='Watson'> Watson, James D, Nancy H. Hopkins, Jeffrey W. Roberts, Joan Argetsinger Steitz, Alan M.Weiner ''Molecular Biology of Gene'' (4th ed.). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc.pp. 239-249. ISBN 0-8053-9612-8</ref>	+	The four types of bases are the two double-ringed purine base <scene name='10/100853/B-dna/38'>Adenine (A)</scene> and <scene name='10/100853/B-dna/39'>Guanine (G)</scene> and the two single-ringed pyrimidine bases <scene name='10/100853/B-dna/40'>Thymine (T)</scene> and <scene name='10/100853/B-dna/41'>Cytosine (C)</scene>. Hydrogen atoms on some nitrogen and oxygen atom can undergo tautomeric shifts. The nitrogen atoms that are involved in forming tautomer appear as amino or imino groups and the oxygen atoms are either in keto or enol forms. Using an isolate thymine to illustrate the <scene name='DNA/Thymine_enol/1'>imino/enol tautomer</scene> and the <scene name='DNA/Thymine_keto/3'>amino/keto tautomer</scene>. There is a preference for the amino and keto forms which is very crucial for the biological functioning of DNA as it provides a <scene name='10/100853/Amino-glycosidic/2'>ring nitrogen capable of forming a glycosidic bond</scene> with the deoxyribose and it leads to the specificity of hydrogen bonding in base pairing and thus complementarity of the chains.<ref name='Watson'> Watson, James D, Nancy H. Hopkins, Jeffrey W. Roberts, Joan Argetsinger Steitz, Alan M.Weiner ''Molecular Biology of Gene'' (4th ed.). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc.pp. 239-249. ISBN 0-8053-9612-8</ref> The imino nitrogen can only serve as a donating atom in hydrogen bonding, but the amino nitrogen can also serve as a receiving atom. Each nucleotide in a DNA chain is linked to another via <scene name='DNA/Diester/2'>3',5' phosphodiester bond</scene>. There are four nucleotides in DNA. The sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA is very regular owing to the phosphodiester linkage whereas the ordering of bases is highly irregular.<ref name='Watson'> Watson, James D, Nancy H. Hopkins, Jeffrey W. Roberts, Joan Argetsinger Steitz, Alan M.Weiner ''Molecular Biology of Gene'' (4th ed.). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc.pp. 239-249. ISBN 0-8053-9612-8</ref>
	<scene name='DNA/B-dna/17'>Restore View</scene>		<scene name='DNA/B-dna/17'>Restore View</scene>
	{\| class="wikitable" align= "center''		{\| class="wikitable" align= "center''

Alexander Berchansky at 11:56, 13 August 2017

Alexander Berchansky — Sun, 13 Aug 2017 11:56:30 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 11:56, 13 August 2017
Line 17:		Line 17:
	=== Double Helix ===		=== Double Helix ===
	<scene name='User:Adithya_Sagar/Sandbox_DNA/B-dna/4'>DNA</scene> consists of two polynucleotide chains, <scene name='DNA/B-dna/16'>twisted around each other to form a double helix</scene>. The <scene name='10/100853/Nucleotide/2'>nucleotide</scene> in DNA is composed of a <scene name='10/100853/Phosphate/3'>phosphate</scene> bonded to the 5' of <scene name='10/100853/Deoxyribose/2'>D-2'-deoxyribose</scene> which is connected by a beta-glycosidic bond to a purine or a pyrimidine <scene name='10/100853/Base/2'>base</scene>. The <scene name='10/100853/Ribose_pucker/3'>ring pucker</scene> of ribose is a main determinant of which of the [[Forms of DNA]] is present. In this scene, which shows B DNA, the 2' carbon is out of the plane of the other members of the five membered ring. In <scene name='10/100853/3_endo_a_dna/2'>A form DNA</scene>, the 3' carbon is out of the plane of the ribose ring.		<scene name='User:Adithya_Sagar/Sandbox_DNA/B-dna/4'>DNA</scene> consists of two polynucleotide chains, <scene name='DNA/B-dna/16'>twisted around each other to form a double helix</scene>. The <scene name='10/100853/Nucleotide/2'>nucleotide</scene> in DNA is composed of a <scene name='10/100853/Phosphate/3'>phosphate</scene> bonded to the 5' of <scene name='10/100853/Deoxyribose/2'>D-2'-deoxyribose</scene> which is connected by a beta-glycosidic bond to a purine or a pyrimidine <scene name='10/100853/Base/2'>base</scene>. The <scene name='10/100853/Ribose_pucker/3'>ring pucker</scene> of ribose is a main determinant of which of the [[Forms of DNA]] is present. In this scene, which shows B DNA, the 2' carbon is out of the plane of the other members of the five membered ring. In <scene name='10/100853/3_endo_a_dna/2'>A form DNA</scene>, the 3' carbon is out of the plane of the ribose ring.
-	The four types of bases are the two double-ringed purine base <scene name='~~DNA~~/B-dna/22'>Adenine (A)</scene> and <scene name='~~DNA~~/B-dna/23'>Guanine (G)</scene> and the two single-ringed pyrimidine bases <scene name='~~DNA~~/B-dna/28'>Thymine (T)</scene> and <scene name='~~DNA~~/B-dna/27'>Cytosine (C)</scene>. Hydrogen atoms on some nitrogen and oxygen atom can undergo tautomeric shifts. The nitrogen atoms that are involved in forming tautomer appear as amino or imino groups and the oxygen atoms are either in keto or enol forms. Using an isolate thymine to illustrate the <scene name='DNA/Thymine_enol/1'>imino/enol tautomer</scene> and the <scene name='DNA/Thymine_keto/3'>amino/keto tautomer</scene>. There is a preference for the amino and keto forms which is very crucial for the biological functioning of DNA as it provides a <scene name='DNA/Amino-glycosidic/1'>ring nitrogen capable of forming a glycosidic bond</scene> with the deoxyribose and it leads to the specificity of hydrogen bonding in base pairing and thus complementarity of the chains.<ref name='Watson'> Watson, James D, Nancy H. Hopkins, Jeffrey W. Roberts, Joan Argetsinger Steitz, Alan M.Weiner ''Molecular Biology of Gene'' (4th ed.). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc.pp. 239-249. ISBN 0-8053-9612-8</ref> The imino nitrogen can only serve as a donating atom in hydrogen bonding, but the amino nitrogen can also serve as a receiving atom. Each nucleotide in a DNA chain is linked to another via <scene name='DNA/Diester/2'>3',5' phosphodiester bond</scene>. There are four nucleotides in DNA. The sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA is very regular owing to the phosphodiester linkage whereas the ordering of bases is highly irregular.<ref name='Watson'> Watson, James D, Nancy H. Hopkins, Jeffrey W. Roberts, Joan Argetsinger Steitz, Alan M.Weiner ''Molecular Biology of Gene'' (4th ed.). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc.pp. 239-249. ISBN 0-8053-9612-8</ref>	+	The four types of bases are the two double-ringed purine base <scene name='10/100853/B-dna/38'>Adenine (A)</scene> and <scene name='10/100853/B-dna/39'>Guanine (G)</scene> and the two single-ringed pyrimidine bases <scene name='10/100853/B-dna/40'>Thymine (T)</scene> and <scene name='10/100853/B-dna/41'>Cytosine (C)</scene>. Hydrogen atoms on some nitrogen and oxygen atom can undergo tautomeric shifts. The nitrogen atoms that are involved in forming tautomer appear as amino or imino groups and the oxygen atoms are either in keto or enol forms. Using an isolate thymine to illustrate the <scene name='DNA/Thymine_enol/1'>imino/enol tautomer</scene> and the <scene name='DNA/Thymine_keto/3'>amino/keto tautomer</scene>. There is a preference for the amino and keto forms which is very crucial for the biological functioning of DNA as it provides a <scene name='DNA/Amino-glycosidic/1'>ring nitrogen capable of forming a glycosidic bond</scene> with the deoxyribose and it leads to the specificity of hydrogen bonding in base pairing and thus complementarity of the chains.<ref name='Watson'> Watson, James D, Nancy H. Hopkins, Jeffrey W. Roberts, Joan Argetsinger Steitz, Alan M.Weiner ''Molecular Biology of Gene'' (4th ed.). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc.pp. 239-249. ISBN 0-8053-9612-8</ref> The imino nitrogen can only serve as a donating atom in hydrogen bonding, but the amino nitrogen can also serve as a receiving atom. Each nucleotide in a DNA chain is linked to another via <scene name='DNA/Diester/2'>3',5' phosphodiester bond</scene>. There are four nucleotides in DNA. The sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA is very regular owing to the phosphodiester linkage whereas the ordering of bases is highly irregular.<ref name='Watson'> Watson, James D, Nancy H. Hopkins, Jeffrey W. Roberts, Joan Argetsinger Steitz, Alan M.Weiner ''Molecular Biology of Gene'' (4th ed.). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc.pp. 239-249. ISBN 0-8053-9612-8</ref>
	<scene name='DNA/B-dna/17'>Restore View</scene>		<scene name='DNA/B-dna/17'>Restore View</scene>
	{\| class="wikitable" align= "center''		{\| class="wikitable" align= "center''

Alexander Berchansky at 11:45, 13 August 2017

Alexander Berchansky — Sun, 13 Aug 2017 11:45:55 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 11:45, 13 August 2017
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	== Features of a DNA Molecule ==		== Features of a DNA Molecule ==
	=== Double Helix ===		=== Double Helix ===
-	<scene name='User:Adithya_Sagar/Sandbox_DNA/B-dna/4'>DNA</scene> consists of two polynucleotide chains, <scene name='DNA/B-dna/16'>twisted around each other to form a double helix</scene>. The <scene name='10/100853/Nucleotide/2'>nucleotide</scene> in DNA is composed of a <scene name='10/100853/Phosphate/3'>phosphate</scene> bonded to the 5' of <scene name='10/100853/Deoxyribose/2'>D-2'-deoxyribose</scene> which is connected by a beta-glycosidic bond to a purine or a pyrimidine <scene name='10/100853/Base/2'>base</scene>. The <scene name='10/100853/Ribose_pucker/2'>ring pucker</scene> of ribose is a main determinant of which of the [[Forms of DNA]] is present. In this scene, which shows B DNA, the 2' carbon is out of the plane of the other members of the five membered ring. In <scene name='10/100853/3_endo_a_dna/2'>A form DNA</scene>, the 3' carbon is out of the plane of the ribose ring.	+	<scene name='User:Adithya_Sagar/Sandbox_DNA/B-dna/4'>DNA</scene> consists of two polynucleotide chains, <scene name='DNA/B-dna/16'>twisted around each other to form a double helix</scene>. The <scene name='10/100853/Nucleotide/2'>nucleotide</scene> in DNA is composed of a <scene name='10/100853/Phosphate/3'>phosphate</scene> bonded to the 5' of <scene name='10/100853/Deoxyribose/2'>D-2'-deoxyribose</scene> which is connected by a beta-glycosidic bond to a purine or a pyrimidine <scene name='10/100853/Base/2'>base</scene>. The <scene name='10/100853/Ribose_pucker/3'>ring pucker</scene> of ribose is a main determinant of which of the [[Forms of DNA]] is present. In this scene, which shows B DNA, the 2' carbon is out of the plane of the other members of the five membered ring. In <scene name='10/100853/3_endo_a_dna/2'>A form DNA</scene>, the 3' carbon is out of the plane of the ribose ring.
	The four types of bases are the two double-ringed purine base <scene name='DNA/B-dna/22'>Adenine (A)</scene> and <scene name='DNA/B-dna/23'>Guanine (G)</scene> and the two single-ringed pyrimidine bases <scene name='DNA/B-dna/28'>Thymine (T)</scene> and <scene name='DNA/B-dna/27'>Cytosine (C)</scene>. Hydrogen atoms on some nitrogen and oxygen atom can undergo tautomeric shifts. The nitrogen atoms that are involved in forming tautomer appear as amino or imino groups and the oxygen atoms are either in keto or enol forms. Using an isolate thymine to illustrate the <scene name='DNA/Thymine_enol/1'>imino/enol tautomer</scene> and the <scene name='DNA/Thymine_keto/3'>amino/keto tautomer</scene>. There is a preference for the amino and keto forms which is very crucial for the biological functioning of DNA as it provides a <scene name='DNA/Amino-glycosidic/1'>ring nitrogen capable of forming a glycosidic bond</scene> with the deoxyribose and it leads to the specificity of hydrogen bonding in base pairing and thus complementarity of the chains.<ref name='Watson'> Watson, James D, Nancy H. Hopkins, Jeffrey W. Roberts, Joan Argetsinger Steitz, Alan M.Weiner ''Molecular Biology of Gene'' (4th ed.). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc.pp. 239-249. ISBN 0-8053-9612-8</ref> The imino nitrogen can only serve as a donating atom in hydrogen bonding, but the amino nitrogen can also serve as a receiving atom. Each nucleotide in a DNA chain is linked to another via <scene name='DNA/Diester/2'>3',5' phosphodiester bond</scene>. There are four nucleotides in DNA. The sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA is very regular owing to the phosphodiester linkage whereas the ordering of bases is highly irregular.<ref name='Watson'> Watson, James D, Nancy H. Hopkins, Jeffrey W. Roberts, Joan Argetsinger Steitz, Alan M.Weiner ''Molecular Biology of Gene'' (4th ed.). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc.pp. 239-249. ISBN 0-8053-9612-8</ref>		The four types of bases are the two double-ringed purine base <scene name='DNA/B-dna/22'>Adenine (A)</scene> and <scene name='DNA/B-dna/23'>Guanine (G)</scene> and the two single-ringed pyrimidine bases <scene name='DNA/B-dna/28'>Thymine (T)</scene> and <scene name='DNA/B-dna/27'>Cytosine (C)</scene>. Hydrogen atoms on some nitrogen and oxygen atom can undergo tautomeric shifts. The nitrogen atoms that are involved in forming tautomer appear as amino or imino groups and the oxygen atoms are either in keto or enol forms. Using an isolate thymine to illustrate the <scene name='DNA/Thymine_enol/1'>imino/enol tautomer</scene> and the <scene name='DNA/Thymine_keto/3'>amino/keto tautomer</scene>. There is a preference for the amino and keto forms which is very crucial for the biological functioning of DNA as it provides a <scene name='DNA/Amino-glycosidic/1'>ring nitrogen capable of forming a glycosidic bond</scene> with the deoxyribose and it leads to the specificity of hydrogen bonding in base pairing and thus complementarity of the chains.<ref name='Watson'> Watson, James D, Nancy H. Hopkins, Jeffrey W. Roberts, Joan Argetsinger Steitz, Alan M.Weiner ''Molecular Biology of Gene'' (4th ed.). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc.pp. 239-249. ISBN 0-8053-9612-8</ref> The imino nitrogen can only serve as a donating atom in hydrogen bonding, but the amino nitrogen can also serve as a receiving atom. Each nucleotide in a DNA chain is linked to another via <scene name='DNA/Diester/2'>3',5' phosphodiester bond</scene>. There are four nucleotides in DNA. The sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA is very regular owing to the phosphodiester linkage whereas the ordering of bases is highly irregular.<ref name='Watson'> Watson, James D, Nancy H. Hopkins, Jeffrey W. Roberts, Joan Argetsinger Steitz, Alan M.Weiner ''Molecular Biology of Gene'' (4th ed.). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc.pp. 239-249. ISBN 0-8053-9612-8</ref>
	<scene name='DNA/B-dna/17'>Restore View</scene>		<scene name='DNA/B-dna/17'>Restore View</scene>

Alexander Berchansky at 11:43, 13 August 2017

Alexander Berchansky — Sun, 13 Aug 2017 11:43:09 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 11:43, 13 August 2017
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	== Features of a DNA Molecule ==		== Features of a DNA Molecule ==
	=== Double Helix ===		=== Double Helix ===
-	<scene name='User:Adithya_Sagar/Sandbox_DNA/B-dna/4'>DNA</scene> consists of two polynucleotide chains, <scene name='DNA/B-dna/16'>twisted around each other to form a double helix</scene>. The <scene name='10/100853/Nucleotide/2'>nucleotide</scene> in DNA is composed of a <scene name='~~DNA~~/Phosphate/1'>phosphate</scene> bonded to the 5' of <scene name='~~DNA~~/~~Ribose~~/1'>D-2'-deoxyribose</scene> which is connected by a beta-glycosidic bond to a purine or a pyrimidine <scene name='~~DNA~~/Base/1'>base</scene>. The <scene name='10/100853/Ribose_pucker/2'>ring pucker</scene> of ribose is a main determinant of which of the [[Forms of DNA]] is present. In this scene, which shows B DNA, the 2' carbon is out of the plane of the other members of the five membered ring. In <scene name='10/100853/3_endo_a_dna/2'>A form DNA</scene>, the 3' carbon is out of the plane of the ribose ring.	+	<scene name='User:Adithya_Sagar/Sandbox_DNA/B-dna/4'>DNA</scene> consists of two polynucleotide chains, <scene name='DNA/B-dna/16'>twisted around each other to form a double helix</scene>. The <scene name='10/100853/Nucleotide/2'>nucleotide</scene> in DNA is composed of a <scene name='10/100853/Phosphate/3'>phosphate</scene> bonded to the 5' of <scene name='10/100853/Deoxyribose/2'>D-2'-deoxyribose</scene> which is connected by a beta-glycosidic bond to a purine or a pyrimidine <scene name='10/100853/Base/2'>base</scene>. The <scene name='10/100853/Ribose_pucker/2'>ring pucker</scene> of ribose is a main determinant of which of the [[Forms of DNA]] is present. In this scene, which shows B DNA, the 2' carbon is out of the plane of the other members of the five membered ring. In <scene name='10/100853/3_endo_a_dna/2'>A form DNA</scene>, the 3' carbon is out of the plane of the ribose ring.
	The four types of bases are the two double-ringed purine base <scene name='DNA/B-dna/22'>Adenine (A)</scene> and <scene name='DNA/B-dna/23'>Guanine (G)</scene> and the two single-ringed pyrimidine bases <scene name='DNA/B-dna/28'>Thymine (T)</scene> and <scene name='DNA/B-dna/27'>Cytosine (C)</scene>. Hydrogen atoms on some nitrogen and oxygen atom can undergo tautomeric shifts. The nitrogen atoms that are involved in forming tautomer appear as amino or imino groups and the oxygen atoms are either in keto or enol forms. Using an isolate thymine to illustrate the <scene name='DNA/Thymine_enol/1'>imino/enol tautomer</scene> and the <scene name='DNA/Thymine_keto/3'>amino/keto tautomer</scene>. There is a preference for the amino and keto forms which is very crucial for the biological functioning of DNA as it provides a <scene name='DNA/Amino-glycosidic/1'>ring nitrogen capable of forming a glycosidic bond</scene> with the deoxyribose and it leads to the specificity of hydrogen bonding in base pairing and thus complementarity of the chains.<ref name='Watson'> Watson, James D, Nancy H. Hopkins, Jeffrey W. Roberts, Joan Argetsinger Steitz, Alan M.Weiner ''Molecular Biology of Gene'' (4th ed.). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc.pp. 239-249. ISBN 0-8053-9612-8</ref> The imino nitrogen can only serve as a donating atom in hydrogen bonding, but the amino nitrogen can also serve as a receiving atom. Each nucleotide in a DNA chain is linked to another via <scene name='DNA/Diester/2'>3',5' phosphodiester bond</scene>. There are four nucleotides in DNA. The sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA is very regular owing to the phosphodiester linkage whereas the ordering of bases is highly irregular.<ref name='Watson'> Watson, James D, Nancy H. Hopkins, Jeffrey W. Roberts, Joan Argetsinger Steitz, Alan M.Weiner ''Molecular Biology of Gene'' (4th ed.). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc.pp. 239-249. ISBN 0-8053-9612-8</ref>		The four types of bases are the two double-ringed purine base <scene name='DNA/B-dna/22'>Adenine (A)</scene> and <scene name='DNA/B-dna/23'>Guanine (G)</scene> and the two single-ringed pyrimidine bases <scene name='DNA/B-dna/28'>Thymine (T)</scene> and <scene name='DNA/B-dna/27'>Cytosine (C)</scene>. Hydrogen atoms on some nitrogen and oxygen atom can undergo tautomeric shifts. The nitrogen atoms that are involved in forming tautomer appear as amino or imino groups and the oxygen atoms are either in keto or enol forms. Using an isolate thymine to illustrate the <scene name='DNA/Thymine_enol/1'>imino/enol tautomer</scene> and the <scene name='DNA/Thymine_keto/3'>amino/keto tautomer</scene>. There is a preference for the amino and keto forms which is very crucial for the biological functioning of DNA as it provides a <scene name='DNA/Amino-glycosidic/1'>ring nitrogen capable of forming a glycosidic bond</scene> with the deoxyribose and it leads to the specificity of hydrogen bonding in base pairing and thus complementarity of the chains.<ref name='Watson'> Watson, James D, Nancy H. Hopkins, Jeffrey W. Roberts, Joan Argetsinger Steitz, Alan M.Weiner ''Molecular Biology of Gene'' (4th ed.). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc.pp. 239-249. ISBN 0-8053-9612-8</ref> The imino nitrogen can only serve as a donating atom in hydrogen bonding, but the amino nitrogen can also serve as a receiving atom. Each nucleotide in a DNA chain is linked to another via <scene name='DNA/Diester/2'>3',5' phosphodiester bond</scene>. There are four nucleotides in DNA. The sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA is very regular owing to the phosphodiester linkage whereas the ordering of bases is highly irregular.<ref name='Watson'> Watson, James D, Nancy H. Hopkins, Jeffrey W. Roberts, Joan Argetsinger Steitz, Alan M.Weiner ''Molecular Biology of Gene'' (4th ed.). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc.pp. 239-249. ISBN 0-8053-9612-8</ref>
	<scene name='DNA/B-dna/17'>Restore View</scene>		<scene name='DNA/B-dna/17'>Restore View</scene>