Fructose Bisphosphate Aldolase - Revision history

Jacob Holt at 20:06, 30 March 2021

Jacob Holt — Tue, 30 Mar 2021 20:06:54 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 20:06, 30 March 2021
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-	'''Fructose bisphosphate aldolase''' is an enzyme in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. ~~Glycolyis~~ is responsible for the conversion of glucose into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules without the need for oxygen. The process generates two net ATP. The overall reaction is:	+	'''Fructose bisphosphate aldolase''' is an enzyme in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Glycolysis is responsible for the conversion of glucose into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules without the need for oxygen. The process generates two net ATP. The overall reaction is:

	Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi --> 2 pyruvate (3-carbon product) + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H20 + 4 H+		Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi --> 2 pyruvate (3-carbon product) + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H20 + 4 H+

Alexander Berchansky at 14:43, 7 November 2019

Alexander Berchansky — Thu, 07 Nov 2019 14:43:56 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 14:43, 7 November 2019
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	The reaction is an aldol cleavage, or otherwise termed, retro aldo condensation. Catalysis occurs first when the nucleophilic ε-amine group of Lys229 attacks the carbonyl carbon of the substrate (FBP) in its open-ring state, pushing an electron pair to the oxygen of the carbonyl. The oxygen is protonated and leaves as water as a protonated <scene name='Austin_Drake_Sandbox/Schiff_base/2'>Schiff base</scene> is produced (an imine resulting from a ketone and amine) with the open-ring form of FBP, accompanied by electrostatic stabilization from <scene name='Austin_Drake_Sandbox/Catalytic_site_w_water/5'>Asp33</scene> Aldol cleavage between C3 and C4 produces GAP and an enamine precursor to DHAP.<ref name="book" /> The cleavage is facilitated by the positive charge from the Schiff base. The subsequent electron movement, which alleviates the positive charge, also breaks the C3-C4 bond.<ref name="review" /> Tautomerization, protonation and the hydrolysis of the Schiff base produce the final product of DHAP and regenerate the enzyme. The catalysis is driven by the more favorable stability of the protonated Schiff base compared to the enolate that would appear in basic catalysis pathways.<ref name="book" />		The reaction is an aldol cleavage, or otherwise termed, retro aldo condensation. Catalysis occurs first when the nucleophilic ε-amine group of Lys229 attacks the carbonyl carbon of the substrate (FBP) in its open-ring state, pushing an electron pair to the oxygen of the carbonyl. The oxygen is protonated and leaves as water as a protonated <scene name='Austin_Drake_Sandbox/Schiff_base/2'>Schiff base</scene> is produced (an imine resulting from a ketone and amine) with the open-ring form of FBP, accompanied by electrostatic stabilization from <scene name='Austin_Drake_Sandbox/Catalytic_site_w_water/5'>Asp33</scene> Aldol cleavage between C3 and C4 produces GAP and an enamine precursor to DHAP.<ref name="book" /> The cleavage is facilitated by the positive charge from the Schiff base. The subsequent electron movement, which alleviates the positive charge, also breaks the C3-C4 bond.<ref name="review" /> Tautomerization, protonation and the hydrolysis of the Schiff base produce the final product of DHAP and regenerate the enzyme. The catalysis is driven by the more favorable stability of the protonated Schiff base compared to the enolate that would appear in basic catalysis pathways.<ref name="book" />

-
-	[[Image:Aldolase1.jpg]]
	</StructureSection>		</StructureSection>
		+	[[Image:Aldolase1.jpg]]
		+
	==Kinetics==		==Kinetics==

Alexander Berchansky at 14:43, 7 November 2019

Alexander Berchansky — Thu, 07 Nov 2019 14:43:23 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 14:43, 7 November 2019
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-	~~{{STRUCTURE_4ald\| PDB~~=4ald ~~\| SIZE~~=300~~\| SCENE~~= \|right~~\| CAPTION~~=Human fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase complex with fructose 1,6-bisphosphate , [[4ald]] }}	+	<StructureSection load='4ald' size='300' side='right' scene='' caption='Human fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase complex with fructose 1,6-bisphosphate , [[4ald]]'>
-		+
	==Introduction and Structure==		==Introduction and Structure==

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	[[Image:Aldolase1.jpg]]		[[Image:Aldolase1.jpg]]
-		+	</StructureSection>
	==Kinetics==		==Kinetics==

Michal Harel at 11:53, 2 February 2016

Michal Harel — Tue, 02 Feb 2016 11:53:45 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 11:53, 2 February 2016
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-	Fructose bisphosphate aldolase is an enzyme in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Glycolyis is responsible for the conversion of glucose into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules without the need for oxygen. The process generates two net ATP. The overall reaction is:	+	'''Fructose bisphosphate aldolase''' is an enzyme in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Glycolyis is responsible for the conversion of glucose into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules without the need for oxygen. The process generates two net ATP. The overall reaction is:

	Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi --> 2 pyruvate (3-carbon product) + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H20 + 4 H+		Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi --> 2 pyruvate (3-carbon product) + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H20 + 4 H+

Michal Harel at 10:16, 5 June 2011

Michal Harel — Sun, 05 Jun 2011 10:16:25 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 10:16, 5 June 2011
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	The regulation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase is not well understood, but the understanding is every-increasing. As it is currently observed, aldolase C appears to be regulated mainly by the gene expression--the concentration of mRNA in the cytoplasm.<ref>Paolella, G, Buono, P, Mancini, F P, Izzo, P, and Salvatore, F. "Structure and expression of mouse aldolase genes." Eur. J. Biochem.. 156. (1986): 229-235.</ref> It is also known that adenosine 3',5'-cyclicmonophosphate (cAMP) affects the expression of the gene. cAMP concentration has been positively correlated with aldolase C expression. It is believed that cAMP acts upon a section of the promotor region, distal element D, causing the transcriptional promoter, NGFI-B, to bind. Once bound, the promoter activates the transcription of the gene coding for fructose bisphosphate aldolase.<ref>Buono, P, Cassano, S, Alfieri, A, Mancini, A, and Salvatore, F. "Human aldolase C gene expression is regulated by adenosine 30,50-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) in PC12 cells." Gene. 291. (2002): 115-121.</ref> Given the inhibitory effects of an oxidant in the presence of aldolase, it is possible that this could be a mechanism of regulation of the enzyme. The deactivation that accompanies the oxidation of the surface thiol of Cys72 could be used intracellularly to slow the catalysis of the enzyme and regulate glycolysis.<ref name="kinetics" />		The regulation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase is not well understood, but the understanding is every-increasing. As it is currently observed, aldolase C appears to be regulated mainly by the gene expression--the concentration of mRNA in the cytoplasm.<ref>Paolella, G, Buono, P, Mancini, F P, Izzo, P, and Salvatore, F. "Structure and expression of mouse aldolase genes." Eur. J. Biochem.. 156. (1986): 229-235.</ref> It is also known that adenosine 3',5'-cyclicmonophosphate (cAMP) affects the expression of the gene. cAMP concentration has been positively correlated with aldolase C expression. It is believed that cAMP acts upon a section of the promotor region, distal element D, causing the transcriptional promoter, NGFI-B, to bind. Once bound, the promoter activates the transcription of the gene coding for fructose bisphosphate aldolase.<ref>Buono, P, Cassano, S, Alfieri, A, Mancini, A, and Salvatore, F. "Human aldolase C gene expression is regulated by adenosine 30,50-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) in PC12 cells." Gene. 291. (2002): 115-121.</ref> Given the inhibitory effects of an oxidant in the presence of aldolase, it is possible that this could be a mechanism of regulation of the enzyme. The deactivation that accompanies the oxidation of the surface thiol of Cys72 could be used intracellularly to slow the catalysis of the enzyme and regulate glycolysis.<ref name="kinetics" />
		+
		+	==3D structures of fructose 1,6-bisphophate aldolase==
		+
		+	[[Aldolase]]

	==Additional Resources==		==Additional Resources==

Michal Harel at 10:15, 5 June 2011

Michal Harel — Sun, 05 Jun 2011 10:15:30 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 10:15, 5 June 2011
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-	{{STRUCTURE_4ald \| PDB=4ald \| SCENE= }}	+	{{STRUCTURE_4ald\| PDB=4ald \| SIZE=300\| SCENE= \|right\| CAPTION=Human fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase complex with fructose 1,6-bisphosphate , [[4ald]] }}
		+
	==Introduction and Structure==		==Introduction and Structure==

David Canner at 10:59, 1 October 2010

David Canner — Fri, 01 Oct 2010 10:59:31 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 10:59, 1 October 2010
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-	== Fructose bisphosphate aldolase ==
	{{STRUCTURE_4ald \| PDB=4ald \| SCENE= }}		{{STRUCTURE_4ald \| PDB=4ald \| SCENE= }}
	==Introduction and Structure==		==Introduction and Structure==

David Canner: Austin Drake Sandbox moved to Fructose Bisphosphate Aldolase

David Canner — Fri, 01 Oct 2010 10:59:21 GMT

Austin Drake Sandbox moved to Fructose Bisphosphate Aldolase

←Older revision

Revision as of 10:59, 1 October 2010

David Canner at 10:58, 1 October 2010

David Canner — Fri, 01 Oct 2010 10:58:57 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 10:58, 1 October 2010
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	== Fructose bisphosphate aldolase ==		== Fructose bisphosphate aldolase ==
	{{STRUCTURE_4ald \| PDB=4ald \| SCENE= }}		{{STRUCTURE_4ald \| PDB=4ald \| SCENE= }}
-	~~'''~~Introduction and Structure~~'''~~	+	==Introduction and Structure==


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	Although some form of fructose bisphosphate aldolase is present in nearly all living things, certain isoforms carry a large degree of conservation. The enzyme from rabbit muscle has nearly the tertiary and primary structure as the enzyme in human muscle. As a result, implications from rabbit muscle aldolase also reveal a great deal about the human forms of the enzyme. <ref name="review">Gefflaut, T., B. Casimir, J. Perie, and M. Willson. "Class I Aldolases: Substrate Specificity, Mechanism, Inhibitors and Structural Aspects." Prog. Biophys. molec. Biol.. 63. (1995): 301-340.</ref>		Although some form of fructose bisphosphate aldolase is present in nearly all living things, certain isoforms carry a large degree of conservation. The enzyme from rabbit muscle has nearly the tertiary and primary structure as the enzyme in human muscle. As a result, implications from rabbit muscle aldolase also reveal a great deal about the human forms of the enzyme. <ref name="review">Gefflaut, T., B. Casimir, J. Perie, and M. Willson. "Class I Aldolases: Substrate Specificity, Mechanism, Inhibitors and Structural Aspects." Prog. Biophys. molec. Biol.. 63. (1995): 301-340.</ref>

-	~~'''~~Binding and Catalysis~~'''~~	+	==Binding and Catalysis==

	As an enzyme, the aldolase must not only encourage and favor the hydrolysis of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, but also bind the substrate so as to hold it in the active site. The main-chain nitrogens of Ser271 and Gly272 hold the 1-phosphate group while the Lys41, Arg42 and Arg303 residues hold the 6-phosphate group. The five proposed binding residues are in close proximity to the catalytic Lys229, implicating them as participants in the binding process.<ref>PMID:10048322</ref> The <scene name='Austin_Drake_Sandbox/Tyr363/1'>C-terminus</scene>, which sits just outside of the barrel and catalytic site, of the enzyme also appears to contribute to the catalytic process of the aldolase. Mutations or suppression of the final tyrosine residue (Tyr363) causes a notable drop in the activity of the enzyme. Two cysteine residues have also been implicated in the catalytic process. Though they do not appear to be necessary for catalysis, modification of them does result in a decrease in catalytic activity. The two Cys residues are far from the active site, but do impact the movement of the C-terminus of the enzyme, which further implicates the terminus as participatory in the catalysis.		As an enzyme, the aldolase must not only encourage and favor the hydrolysis of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, but also bind the substrate so as to hold it in the active site. The main-chain nitrogens of Ser271 and Gly272 hold the 1-phosphate group while the Lys41, Arg42 and Arg303 residues hold the 6-phosphate group. The five proposed binding residues are in close proximity to the catalytic Lys229, implicating them as participants in the binding process.<ref>PMID:10048322</ref> The <scene name='Austin_Drake_Sandbox/Tyr363/1'>C-terminus</scene>, which sits just outside of the barrel and catalytic site, of the enzyme also appears to contribute to the catalytic process of the aldolase. Mutations or suppression of the final tyrosine residue (Tyr363) causes a notable drop in the activity of the enzyme. Two cysteine residues have also been implicated in the catalytic process. Though they do not appear to be necessary for catalysis, modification of them does result in a decrease in catalytic activity. The two Cys residues are far from the active site, but do impact the movement of the C-terminus of the enzyme, which further implicates the terminus as participatory in the catalysis.
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	[[Image:Aldolase1.jpg]]		[[Image:Aldolase1.jpg]]

-	~~'''~~Kinetics~~'''~~	+	==Kinetics==

	Isotopic labelling has revealed the rate-determining step for the reaction. Either the carbon-carbon bond cleavage or the release of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate comprise the slow step of the catalysis reaction; however, studies do indicate that the GAP release is likely the slowest step.<ref name="review" />		Isotopic labelling has revealed the rate-determining step for the reaction. Either the carbon-carbon bond cleavage or the release of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate comprise the slow step of the catalysis reaction; however, studies do indicate that the GAP release is likely the slowest step.<ref name="review" />
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	It has been shown that aldolase is inhibited allosterically by oxidized glutathione, which is an oxidizing species biologically present. The glutathione oxidizes a thiol 25 angstroms from the catalytic site, which subsequently causes a drop in catalytic activity. In addition, the enzyme shows no positive cooperativity, despite being an oligomer. In fact, kinetics data actually show that the enzyme exhibits negative cooperativity. Thus the catalysis is highly compartmentalized within each subunit and binding causes little distal change of the enzymes structure.<ref name="kinetics">Sygusch, J., and Beaudry, D. "Allosteric communication in mammalian muscle aldolase." Biochem. J.. 327. (1997): 717-720.</ref>		It has been shown that aldolase is inhibited allosterically by oxidized glutathione, which is an oxidizing species biologically present. The glutathione oxidizes a thiol 25 angstroms from the catalytic site, which subsequently causes a drop in catalytic activity. In addition, the enzyme shows no positive cooperativity, despite being an oligomer. In fact, kinetics data actually show that the enzyme exhibits negative cooperativity. Thus the catalysis is highly compartmentalized within each subunit and binding causes little distal change of the enzymes structure.<ref name="kinetics">Sygusch, J., and Beaudry, D. "Allosteric communication in mammalian muscle aldolase." Biochem. J.. 327. (1997): 717-720.</ref>

-	~~'''~~Regulation~~'''~~	+	==Regulation==

	The regulation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase is not well understood, but the understanding is every-increasing. As it is currently observed, aldolase C appears to be regulated mainly by the gene expression--the concentration of mRNA in the cytoplasm.<ref>Paolella, G, Buono, P, Mancini, F P, Izzo, P, and Salvatore, F. "Structure and expression of mouse aldolase genes." Eur. J. Biochem.. 156. (1986): 229-235.</ref> It is also known that adenosine 3',5'-cyclicmonophosphate (cAMP) affects the expression of the gene. cAMP concentration has been positively correlated with aldolase C expression. It is believed that cAMP acts upon a section of the promotor region, distal element D, causing the transcriptional promoter, NGFI-B, to bind. Once bound, the promoter activates the transcription of the gene coding for fructose bisphosphate aldolase.<ref>Buono, P, Cassano, S, Alfieri, A, Mancini, A, and Salvatore, F. "Human aldolase C gene expression is regulated by adenosine 30,50-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) in PC12 cells." Gene. 291. (2002): 115-121.</ref> Given the inhibitory effects of an oxidant in the presence of aldolase, it is possible that this could be a mechanism of regulation of the enzyme. The deactivation that accompanies the oxidation of the surface thiol of Cys72 could be used intracellularly to slow the catalysis of the enzyme and regulate glycolysis.<ref name="kinetics" />		The regulation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase is not well understood, but the understanding is every-increasing. As it is currently observed, aldolase C appears to be regulated mainly by the gene expression--the concentration of mRNA in the cytoplasm.<ref>Paolella, G, Buono, P, Mancini, F P, Izzo, P, and Salvatore, F. "Structure and expression of mouse aldolase genes." Eur. J. Biochem.. 156. (1986): 229-235.</ref> It is also known that adenosine 3',5'-cyclicmonophosphate (cAMP) affects the expression of the gene. cAMP concentration has been positively correlated with aldolase C expression. It is believed that cAMP acts upon a section of the promotor region, distal element D, causing the transcriptional promoter, NGFI-B, to bind. Once bound, the promoter activates the transcription of the gene coding for fructose bisphosphate aldolase.<ref>Buono, P, Cassano, S, Alfieri, A, Mancini, A, and Salvatore, F. "Human aldolase C gene expression is regulated by adenosine 30,50-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) in PC12 cells." Gene. 291. (2002): 115-121.</ref> Given the inhibitory effects of an oxidant in the presence of aldolase, it is possible that this could be a mechanism of regulation of the enzyme. The deactivation that accompanies the oxidation of the surface thiol of Cys72 could be used intracellularly to slow the catalysis of the enzyme and regulate glycolysis.<ref name="kinetics" />

David Canner at 10:57, 1 October 2010

David Canner — Fri, 01 Oct 2010 10:57:54 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 10:57, 1 October 2010
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	<br />		<br />

-	~~'''~~References~~'''~~	+	==References==
	<references/>		<references/>