RNA - Revision history

Karsten Theis at 16:28, 5 January 2022

Karsten Theis — Wed, 05 Jan 2022 16:28:30 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 16:28, 5 January 2022
Line 44:		Line 44:
	===Chemistry===		===Chemistry===
	#Base: flat, aromatic, hydrogen-bonding capability, base modifications, base pairing, [[base stacking]]		#Base: flat, aromatic, hydrogen-bonding capability, base modifications, base pairing, [[base stacking]]
-	#Sugar phosphate backbone: torsion angles, sugar pucker, phosphate-phosphate distance	+	#Sugar phosphate backbone: torsion angles, [[Sugar ring pucker\|sugar pucker]], phosphate-phosphate distance

	===Transcription and Translation===		===Transcription and Translation===
Line 59:		Line 59:
	*[[Ribozyme]]		*[[Ribozyme]]
	*[[Kink-turn motif]]		*[[Kink-turn motif]]
		+	*[[Sugar ring pucker]]
	*[[Pseudouridine]]		*[[Pseudouridine]]
	*[[Non-Standard Residue\|Non-Standard Residues]]		*[[Non-Standard Residue\|Non-Standard Residues]]

Karsten Theis at 16:35, 3 January 2022

Karsten Theis — Mon, 03 Jan 2022 16:35:58 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 16:35, 3 January 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
-	[[Image:RNA chemistry.PNG\|thumb\|350px\|Fragment of an RNA strand, with nucleobases U and A, the sugar ribose and the phosphate linkages labeled]]	+	[[Image:RNA chemistry.PNG\|thumb\|350px\|Fragment of an RNA strand, with nucleobases U and A, the sugar ribose and the phosphate diester linkages labeled]]
	'''RNA''' ('''r'''ibo'''n'''ucleic '''a'''cid) is a biological macromolecule that stores and processes genetic information, catalyzes chemical reactions and regulates biological processes. Just like the other nucleic acid (DNA), it is a linear polymer (a "strand") of nucleotide building blocks. These building blocks themselves are made up of a sugar linked to a (nitrogenous) base and a phosphate. RNA utilizes a different set of bases than DNA, and it sugar (ribose) contains one additional hydroxyl group compared to that of DNA (deoxyribose). Different than DNA, which mostly occurs in pairs of complementary strands in its biological context, RNA mostly lacks a complementary strand, leading to a larger variety of 3D structures and biological functions.		'''RNA''' ('''r'''ibo'''n'''ucleic '''a'''cid) is a biological macromolecule that stores and processes genetic information, catalyzes chemical reactions and regulates biological processes. Just like the other nucleic acid (DNA), it is a linear polymer (a "strand") of nucleotide building blocks. These building blocks themselves are made up of a sugar linked to a (nitrogenous) base and a phosphate. RNA utilizes a different set of bases than DNA, and it sugar (ribose) contains one additional hydroxyl group compared to that of DNA (deoxyribose). Different than DNA, which mostly occurs in pairs of complementary strands in its biological context, RNA mostly lacks a complementary strand, leading to a larger variety of 3D structures and biological functions.

Karsten Theis at 16:35, 3 January 2022

Karsten Theis — Mon, 03 Jan 2022 16:35:13 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 16:35, 3 January 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
-	[[Image:RNA chemistry.PNG\|thumb\|~~250px~~\|Fragment of an RNA strand, with nucleobases U and A, the sugar ribose and the phosphate linkages labeled]]	+	[[Image:RNA chemistry.PNG\|thumb\|350px\|Fragment of an RNA strand, with nucleobases U and A, the sugar ribose and the phosphate linkages labeled]]
	'''RNA''' ('''r'''ibo'''n'''ucleic '''a'''cid) is a biological macromolecule that stores and processes genetic information, catalyzes chemical reactions and regulates biological processes. Just like the other nucleic acid (DNA), it is a linear polymer (a "strand") of nucleotide building blocks. These building blocks themselves are made up of a sugar linked to a (nitrogenous) base and a phosphate. RNA utilizes a different set of bases than DNA, and it sugar (ribose) contains one additional hydroxyl group compared to that of DNA (deoxyribose). Different than DNA, which mostly occurs in pairs of complementary strands in its biological context, RNA mostly lacks a complementary strand, leading to a larger variety of 3D structures and biological functions.		'''RNA''' ('''r'''ibo'''n'''ucleic '''a'''cid) is a biological macromolecule that stores and processes genetic information, catalyzes chemical reactions and regulates biological processes. Just like the other nucleic acid (DNA), it is a linear polymer (a "strand") of nucleotide building blocks. These building blocks themselves are made up of a sugar linked to a (nitrogenous) base and a phosphate. RNA utilizes a different set of bases than DNA, and it sugar (ribose) contains one additional hydroxyl group compared to that of DNA (deoxyribose). Different than DNA, which mostly occurs in pairs of complementary strands in its biological context, RNA mostly lacks a complementary strand, leading to a larger variety of 3D structures and biological functions.

Karsten Theis at 16:34, 3 January 2022

Karsten Theis — Mon, 03 Jan 2022 16:34:44 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 16:34, 3 January 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
-	[[Image:RNA chemistry.PNG\|thumb\|250px\|Fragment of an RNA strand, with nucleobases U and A, the sugar ribose and the ~~phophate~~ linkages labeled]]	+	[[Image:RNA chemistry.PNG\|thumb\|250px\|Fragment of an RNA strand, with nucleobases U and A, the sugar ribose and the phosphate linkages labeled]]
	'''RNA''' ('''r'''ibo'''n'''ucleic '''a'''cid) is a biological macromolecule that stores and processes genetic information, catalyzes chemical reactions and regulates biological processes. Just like the other nucleic acid (DNA), it is a linear polymer (a "strand") of nucleotide building blocks. These building blocks themselves are made up of a sugar linked to a (nitrogenous) base and a phosphate. RNA utilizes a different set of bases than DNA, and it sugar (ribose) contains one additional hydroxyl group compared to that of DNA (deoxyribose). Different than DNA, which mostly occurs in pairs of complementary strands in its biological context, RNA mostly lacks a complementary strand, leading to a larger variety of 3D structures and biological functions.		'''RNA''' ('''r'''ibo'''n'''ucleic '''a'''cid) is a biological macromolecule that stores and processes genetic information, catalyzes chemical reactions and regulates biological processes. Just like the other nucleic acid (DNA), it is a linear polymer (a "strand") of nucleotide building blocks. These building blocks themselves are made up of a sugar linked to a (nitrogenous) base and a phosphate. RNA utilizes a different set of bases than DNA, and it sugar (ribose) contains one additional hydroxyl group compared to that of DNA (deoxyribose). Different than DNA, which mostly occurs in pairs of complementary strands in its biological context, RNA mostly lacks a complementary strand, leading to a larger variety of 3D structures and biological functions.

	<!-- '''ribonucleic acid''' or ''RNA''' is a molecule which is one of the carriers of genetic information in nearly all the living organisms. It contains the biological instructions for the development, survival and reproduction of organisms.		<!-- '''ribonucleic acid''' or ''RNA''' is a molecule which is one of the carriers of genetic information in nearly all the living organisms. It contains the biological instructions for the development, survival and reproduction of organisms.
	RNA is transcribed from [[DNA]]. !-->		RNA is transcribed from [[DNA]]. !-->
-		+
-	~~__NOTOC__~~	+
	==RNA structure and function==		==RNA structure and function==
	<StructureSection load='' size='500' side='right' caption='' scene='49/491851/Riboswitch/2'>		<StructureSection load='' size='500' side='right' caption='' scene='49/491851/Riboswitch/2'>

Karsten Theis at 16:33, 3 January 2022

Karsten Theis — Mon, 03 Jan 2022 16:33:21 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 16:33, 3 January 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
-	[[Image:RNA chemistry.PNG\|thumb\|~~400px~~\|Fragment of an RNA strand, with nucleobases U and A, the sugar ribose and the phophate linkages labeled]]	+	[[Image:RNA chemistry.PNG\|thumb\|250px\|Fragment of an RNA strand, with nucleobases U and A, the sugar ribose and the phophate linkages labeled]]
	'''RNA''' ('''r'''ibo'''n'''ucleic '''a'''cid) is a biological macromolecule that stores and processes genetic information, catalyzes chemical reactions and regulates biological processes. Just like the other nucleic acid (DNA), it is a linear polymer (a "strand") of nucleotide building blocks. These building blocks themselves are made up of a sugar linked to a (nitrogenous) base and a phosphate. RNA utilizes a different set of bases than DNA, and it sugar (ribose) contains one additional hydroxyl group compared to that of DNA (deoxyribose). Different than DNA, which mostly occurs in pairs of complementary strands in its biological context, RNA mostly lacks a complementary strand, leading to a larger variety of 3D structures and biological functions.		'''RNA''' ('''r'''ibo'''n'''ucleic '''a'''cid) is a biological macromolecule that stores and processes genetic information, catalyzes chemical reactions and regulates biological processes. Just like the other nucleic acid (DNA), it is a linear polymer (a "strand") of nucleotide building blocks. These building blocks themselves are made up of a sugar linked to a (nitrogenous) base and a phosphate. RNA utilizes a different set of bases than DNA, and it sugar (ribose) contains one additional hydroxyl group compared to that of DNA (deoxyribose). Different than DNA, which mostly occurs in pairs of complementary strands in its biological context, RNA mostly lacks a complementary strand, leading to a larger variety of 3D structures and biological functions.

Karsten Theis at 16:32, 3 January 2022

Karsten Theis — Mon, 03 Jan 2022 16:32:37 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 16:32, 3 January 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
-	[[Image:RNA chemistry.PNG\|thumb\|~~200px~~\|Fragment of an RNA strand, with nucleobases U and A, the sugar ribose and the phophate linkages labeled]]	+	[[Image:RNA chemistry.PNG\|thumb\|400px\|Fragment of an RNA strand, with nucleobases U and A, the sugar ribose and the phophate linkages labeled]]
	'''RNA''' ('''r'''ibo'''n'''ucleic '''a'''cid) is a biological macromolecule that stores and processes genetic information, catalyzes chemical reactions and regulates biological processes. Just like the other nucleic acid (DNA), it is a linear polymer (a "strand") of nucleotide building blocks. These building blocks themselves are made up of a sugar linked to a (nitrogenous) base and a phosphate. RNA utilizes a different set of bases than DNA, and it sugar (ribose) contains one additional hydroxyl group compared to that of DNA (deoxyribose). Different than DNA, which mostly occurs in pairs of complementary strands in its biological context, RNA mostly lacks a complementary strand, leading to a larger variety of 3D structures and biological functions.		'''RNA''' ('''r'''ibo'''n'''ucleic '''a'''cid) is a biological macromolecule that stores and processes genetic information, catalyzes chemical reactions and regulates biological processes. Just like the other nucleic acid (DNA), it is a linear polymer (a "strand") of nucleotide building blocks. These building blocks themselves are made up of a sugar linked to a (nitrogenous) base and a phosphate. RNA utilizes a different set of bases than DNA, and it sugar (ribose) contains one additional hydroxyl group compared to that of DNA (deoxyribose). Different than DNA, which mostly occurs in pairs of complementary strands in its biological context, RNA mostly lacks a complementary strand, leading to a larger variety of 3D structures and biological functions.

Karsten Theis at 16:32, 3 January 2022

Karsten Theis — Mon, 03 Jan 2022 16:32:23 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 16:32, 3 January 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
-	[[Image:RNA chemistry.PNG\|~~frame~~\|Fragment of an RNA strand, with nucleobases U and A, the sugar ribose and the phophate linkages labeled]]	+	[[Image:RNA chemistry.PNG\|thumb\|200px\|Fragment of an RNA strand, with nucleobases U and A, the sugar ribose and the phophate linkages labeled]]
	'''RNA''' ('''r'''ibo'''n'''ucleic '''a'''cid) is a biological macromolecule that stores and processes genetic information, catalyzes chemical reactions and regulates biological processes. Just like the other nucleic acid (DNA), it is a linear polymer (a "strand") of nucleotide building blocks. These building blocks themselves are made up of a sugar linked to a (nitrogenous) base and a phosphate. RNA utilizes a different set of bases than DNA, and it sugar (ribose) contains one additional hydroxyl group compared to that of DNA (deoxyribose). Different than DNA, which mostly occurs in pairs of complementary strands in its biological context, RNA mostly lacks a complementary strand, leading to a larger variety of 3D structures and biological functions.		'''RNA''' ('''r'''ibo'''n'''ucleic '''a'''cid) is a biological macromolecule that stores and processes genetic information, catalyzes chemical reactions and regulates biological processes. Just like the other nucleic acid (DNA), it is a linear polymer (a "strand") of nucleotide building blocks. These building blocks themselves are made up of a sugar linked to a (nitrogenous) base and a phosphate. RNA utilizes a different set of bases than DNA, and it sugar (ribose) contains one additional hydroxyl group compared to that of DNA (deoxyribose). Different than DNA, which mostly occurs in pairs of complementary strands in its biological context, RNA mostly lacks a complementary strand, leading to a larger variety of 3D structures and biological functions.

Karsten Theis at 16:29, 3 January 2022

Karsten Theis — Mon, 03 Jan 2022 16:29:42 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 16:29, 3 January 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
-	[[Image:RNA chemistry.PNG\|~~thumb~~\|~~right~~]]	+	[[Image:RNA chemistry.PNG\|frame\|Fragment of an RNA strand, with nucleobases U and A, the sugar ribose and the phophate linkages labeled]]
	'''RNA''' ('''r'''ibo'''n'''ucleic '''a'''cid) is a biological macromolecule that stores and processes genetic information, catalyzes chemical reactions and regulates biological processes. Just like the other nucleic acid (DNA), it is a linear polymer (a "strand") of nucleotide building blocks. These building blocks themselves are made up of a sugar linked to a (nitrogenous) base and a phosphate. RNA utilizes a different set of bases than DNA, and it sugar (ribose) contains one additional hydroxyl group compared to that of DNA (deoxyribose). Different than DNA, which mostly occurs in pairs of complementary strands in its biological context, RNA mostly lacks a complementary strand, leading to a larger variety of 3D structures and biological functions.		'''RNA''' ('''r'''ibo'''n'''ucleic '''a'''cid) is a biological macromolecule that stores and processes genetic information, catalyzes chemical reactions and regulates biological processes. Just like the other nucleic acid (DNA), it is a linear polymer (a "strand") of nucleotide building blocks. These building blocks themselves are made up of a sugar linked to a (nitrogenous) base and a phosphate. RNA utilizes a different set of bases than DNA, and it sugar (ribose) contains one additional hydroxyl group compared to that of DNA (deoxyribose). Different than DNA, which mostly occurs in pairs of complementary strands in its biological context, RNA mostly lacks a complementary strand, leading to a larger variety of 3D structures and biological functions.

Karsten Theis at 16:26, 3 January 2022

Karsten Theis — Mon, 03 Jan 2022 16:26:30 GMT

←Older revision		Revision as of 16:26, 3 January 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:
-	'''RNA''' ('''r'''ibo'''n'''ucleic '''a'''cid) is a biological macromolecule that stores and processes genetic information, catalyzes chemical reactions and regulates biological processes. Just like the other nucleic acid (DNA), it is a linear polymer (a "strand") of nucleotide building blocks. These building blocks themselves are made up of a sugar linked to a (nitrogenous) base and a phosphate. RNA utilizes a different set of bases than DNA, and it sugar (ribose) contains one additional hydroxyl group compared to that of DNA (deoxyribose). Different than DNA, which mostly occurs in pairs of complementary strands in its biological context, RNA mostly lacks a complementary strand, leading to a larger variety of 3D structures and biological functions.	+	[[Image:RNA chemistry.PNG\|thumb\|right]]
		+	'''RNA''' ('''r'''ibo'''n'''ucleic '''a'''cid) is a biological macromolecule that stores and processes genetic information, catalyzes chemical reactions and regulates biological processes. Just like the other nucleic acid (DNA), it is a linear polymer (a "strand") of nucleotide building blocks. These building blocks themselves are made up of a sugar linked to a (nitrogenous) base and a phosphate. RNA utilizes a different set of bases than DNA, and it sugar (ribose) contains one additional hydroxyl group compared to that of DNA (deoxyribose). Different than DNA, which mostly occurs in pairs of complementary strands in its biological context, RNA mostly lacks a complementary strand, leading to a larger variety of 3D structures and biological functions.

	<!-- '''ribonucleic acid''' or ''RNA''' is a molecule which is one of the carriers of genetic information in nearly all the living organisms. It contains the biological instructions for the development, survival and reproduction of organisms.		<!-- '''ribonucleic acid''' or ''RNA''' is a molecule which is one of the carriers of genetic information in nearly all the living organisms. It contains the biological instructions for the development, survival and reproduction of organisms.

Karsten Theis: /* RNA structure and function */

Karsten Theis — Mon, 03 Jan 2022 15:57:32 GMT

RNA structure and function

←Older revision		Revision as of 15:57, 3 January 2022
Line 7:		Line 7:
	==RNA structure and function==		==RNA structure and function==
	<StructureSection load='' size='500' side='right' caption='' scene='49/491851/Riboswitch/2'>		<StructureSection load='' size='500' side='right' caption='' scene='49/491851/Riboswitch/2'>
-	This ~~is a~~ tour of different biological processes~~, showcasing~~ the role of RNA. In ~~current biology~~, RNA interacts with DNA and proteins to support life. ~~The "RNA world" hypothesis states that early~~ on in the evolution of life, DNA and proteins did not yet exist and RNA had DNA-like (genetic storage) and protein-like (metabolism, biosynthesis, etc) ~~roles~~.	+	This tour of different biological processes showcases the role of RNA. In many of these roles, RNA interacts with DNA and proteins to support life. Early on in the evolution of life, according to the "RNA world" hypothesis, DNA and proteins did not yet exist and RNA had DNA-like roles (genetic storage) and protein-like roles (metabolism, biosynthesis, etc), some of which it retains to the present day.

	__NOTOC__		__NOTOC__
	===Genetic information===		===Genetic information===
-	RNA plays key roles in gene expression~~, in the form~~ of mRNA (messenger RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA) and rRNA (ribosomal RNA), ~~the classic three types~~ of ~~RNA~~. Beyond these roles, RNA also serves to store genetic information ~~and~~ to regulate and modulate it.	+	RNA plays key roles in gene expression. The classic three types of RNA are mRNA (messenger RNA), tRNA (transfer RNA) and rRNA (ribosomal RNA), all of which have a crucial role in gene expression. Beyond these roles, RNA also serves to store genetic information, to regulate gene expression and to modulate the sequences of protein through alternate splicing.

	====Transcription====		====Transcription====