How to find a protein's best structure

From Proteopedia

Revision as of 15:53, 21 October 2024

Here is a general guide to finding a structure for a protein molecule of interest. This procedure is one of many possible. It is one favored by User:Eric Martz.

Empirical Models

Empirical models are structures determined empirically (experimentally) by X-ray crystallography, cryo-Electron Microscopy, solution NMR, or rarely by other methods. Empirical models are usually the most accurate and reliable, especially when they have good resolution. All published, empirically-determined, atomic-resolution, macromolecular 3D structures are available in the World Wide Protein Data Bank (the "PDB").

Each model in the PDB has a unique 4-character identification code (PDB ID) that begins with a numeral, and has letters or numerals for the last 3 characters . Examples are 1d66, 4mdh, 9ins.

Here are two methods for finding out if your query amino acid sequence, or parts of it, have empirically-determined 3D structures in the PDB.

Easy UniProt search for empirical models

At UniProt.Org, find your protein of interest.

• Example: search for human acetylcholinesterase, then click on P22303.
• Click on Structure in the column at left, and wait for this section to load.
• If there is a table with PDB in the first column of each row, followed by a PDB IDs in each row, these are empirical structures for your protein.

If there are multiple PDB structures, you need to pick one (or a few) that best meet your needs. Because of its medical and pharmaceutical interest, P22303 has more than 50 empirical PDB structures.

• Models with the best resolution (2.5 Å or less) will be the most reliable.
• You will likely prefer models that cover all or most of the complete sequence.
  • Click Sequence (in the column at left) and note the length (in amino acids). For P22303, the length is 614.
  • Click PDM/Processing (in the column at left) and note the length of the signal sequence, if given. The mature protein will start after the signal sequence. For P222303, the signal sequence is 1-31. Therefore, the mature protein will start at position 32.

• • To explore one of these models, write down its 4-character PDB code. Then see #How To Explore 3D Models below.
• If there is no “PDB entry” column, then there are no sequence-identical empirical structures for your protein. Then try the Advanced search method below.
• Some proteins have no Structure section (e.g. K4QDG1_SACBA). Then try the Advanced search method below.

If empirical structures exist, see #How To Explore 3D Models below. If they are satisfactory, then you don't need a homology model.

Advanced search for empirical models (RCSB PDB)

This method takes more time but gives you more information. It will find empirical structures that have sequence similarity to the query. Such hits enable a high-quality homology model.

For example, if your query is calmodulin from the lancelet fish (Q9UB37, CALM2_BRALA), zero empirical structures are listed at UniProt. However, the query is 97% sequence identical to human calmodulin (P62158 CALM_HUMAN) and calmodulins from other taxa, for which there are numerous full-length empirical structures. A very high quality homology model can be constructed.

Advanced search procedure:

1. Copy the FASTA format sequence for your protein, for example, from UniProt.Org.
2. Note the length of your sequence.
3. At rcsb.org, go to Advanced Search.
4. Select Sequence under 'Advanced Search Query Builder'.
5. Paste your query sequence into the box.
6. Push the button to run the search.
7. Scroll down to see the list of hits.
8. At the top of the list, change Display Results as to Polymer Entities. Then push again. This is crucial because it displays the identity percentages and alignments for the hits. It should be the default!
9. The best hits will be listed first. Notice that each hit starts with a large, bold PDB ID.

For each hit, notice the Sequence Identity % above the sequence alignment box.

Also notice the Region range, which tell you how many of your query residues align with the hit. Compare this to the full length of your query sequence.

If you click the Download button in the list of hits, you will get the CIF file. If you need PDB file format, click on the PDB ID code and open the Download menu on that single entry page to get all format options.

Has AlphaFold predicted a model?

Empirical models are the most reliable, but if none are available, AlphaFold has an impressive track record of correctly predicting structures from sequence. Check the AlphaFold Database for a model of your protein of interest. You can also submit a sequence and get a prediction: How to predict structures with AlphaFold. Another model prediction service with a good track record is RoseTTaFold. Submit your sequence there, making sure to check RoseTTaFold as the method. With any of these methods, download the predicted PDB file and then upload it to FirstGlance in Jmol for exploration and analysis. FirstGlance automatically colors predicted models by reliability.