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== Introduction == | == Introduction == | ||
Revision as of 13:14, 23 April 2015
Introduction
In Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, one of the main reasons behind bacterial multidrug resistance is resistance nodulation cell division (RND) transporters which pump a wide range of dyes, bile salts, detergents and structurally unrelated antibiotics out of the cell by proton motive force driven efflux. The natural function of the efflux system is currently under debate. AcrB is the major RND transporter in E. coli. Three proteins form the tripartite multidrug efflux system that pumps the drugs out from the cell. The AcrB transporter, the inner membrane component of the system, cooperates with two other proteins: membrane fusion protein AcrA and an outer membrane channel TolC. The TolC component is connected to outer membrane and AcrB is connected to the inner membrane. The AcrA connects TolC and AcrB together (Fig 1). The structure of the complex indicates that the drugs are transported out of the cell in a three-step procedure.[1][2][3]
Structure   In the AcrB, there is three domains: TolC docking domain, pore domain and the transmembrane domain. The AcrB consists of 1 049 amino acids and the three monomers of AcrB are organized as a trimer (Fig. 2). The first structure of the trimer was derived in symmetric manner (Fig. 2) at 3.5 Å resolution. Later, a new 2.9 Å asymmetric conformation of trimeric AcrB was obtained and three structurally different monomers were spotted[4]. The appearance of the trimer is of a jellyfish. The N- and C-terminal half’s show similar structural architecture and indicates at early gene duplication events. The trimer, formed by AcrB monomers, appears to be stabilized by the intermonomer connecting loops.[1]
The TolC docking domain, located in the periplasm, has two subdomains: and . The subdomains contain a four-stranded mixed b-sheet. The TolC domain forms a funnel-like structure that has a similar diameter as the bottom of TolC. The TolC docking domain of AcrB and the bottom of TolC fits well with each other for connecting.[1]
The pore domain consists of subdomains , , and (Fig. 3A). These subdomains have a characteristic structural motif: two b-strand–a-helix–b-strand motifs are directly repeated and sandwiched with each other. This motif forms a structure in which two a-helices are located on a four-stranded antiparallel b-sheet. Three α-helices from each PN1 subdomains form a pore in the middle of the structure (Fig. 3B). The pore connects with the bottom of the funnel-like structure of the TolC domain. The extramembrane part of the central membrane hole, namely, the central cavity is present at the proximal end of the central pore (Fig. 2c). Between PN2 and PC2, there are vestibules open at the side of the pore domain into the periplasm (Fig. 3B). They have access to the central cavity. Analysis with the AcrA has suggested that PC1 and PC2 subdomains play a role in attaching the AcrA to the complex. Studies have suggested that C-terminal domain residues play a main role in interacting with AcrA.[1][2]
Twelve α-helices of each monomer forms the transmembrane domain. Six α-helices in the N-terminal and the six in C-terminal are arranged symmetrically. These helices are long and they reach outside the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane. The membrane domain contains an additional extra-membrane a-helix (Ia) located between and attached to the cytoplasmic membrane surface. Between and TM7 locates a groove within the transmembrane domain of each monomer. Amino acid residues 860-868 in TM8 are in a disordered state. Through the disordered region of the top of TM8, the groove is connected with the cavity. This domain contains three functionally critical residues: Asp407, Asp408 and Lys940. The residues are shown in this , Asp407 as pink, Asp408 as green and Lys940 as blue. When these are mutated the whole complex loses its drug resistance.[1]
Function Possible mechanism of transport function has been postulated. ArcB can cooperate with TolC in the TolC docking domain forming a direct pathway from the cytoplasm to the extracellular milieu. Based on the information of structure, there might be two pathways for the substrate translocation to the cavity. One is the groove located between TM8 and TM7 in the transmembrane domain of each monoter (Fig 1C). The other is the vestibules which are between PN2 and PC2 of the pore domains. The substrates located in the inner leaflet of the membrane and cytoplasm would get access to the cavity through the transmembrane groove, while the substrates that are on the outer space or in the outer leaflet of the membrane are more likely to be transported to the cavity through the vestibules.[1] Studies have been done on the substrate binding and specificity and the periplasmic part of the tripartite efflux system is found important to the substrate specificity. In the study on antibiotics to AcrB, Phe (TM3) was reported as one the main hydrophobic contacts. However, currently, the theoretical explanation of the wide variety of substrates is still lacking.[1] The tripartite efflux system coupled with proton-motive force across the cytoplasmic membrane. It is the binding and release of protons in the transmembrane domain that is crucial to the energy transduction.[2] Certain key residues had been identified as crucial to the protons translocation. They are the residues Lys940 (TM10) and Asp407 and 408 (TM4) harbored in and in each monomer. When the ion pairs between them are disrupted due to the transient protonation of residues mentioned above, there may be conformational change of TM 4 and 10. Through possible remote conformational coupling, the conformational change of TM 4 and 10 may induce the opening of the pore.[1]
References
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