2mfq

Structural highlights

Disease

[NTRK2_HUMAN] Defects in NTRK2 are the cause of obesity hyperphagia and developmental delay (OHPDD) [MIM:613886]. OHPDD is a disorder characterized by early-onset obesity, hyperphagia, and severe developmental delay in motor function, speech, and language.^[1]

Function

[FRS2_HUMAN] Adapter protein that links activated FGR and NGF receptors to downstream signaling pathways. Plays an important role in the activation of MAP kinases and in the phosphorylation of PIK3R1, the regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, in response to ligand-mediated activation of FGFR1. Modulates signaling via SHC1 by competing for a common binding site on NTRK1.^{[2] [3]} [NTRK2_HUMAN] Receptor tyrosine kinase involved in the development and the maturation of the central and the peripheral nervous systems through regulation of neuron survival, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and synapse formation and plasticity. Receptor for BDNF/brain-derived neurotrophic factor and NTF4/neurotrophin-4. Alternatively can also bind NTF3/neurotrophin-3 which is less efficient in activating the receptor but regulates neuron survival through NTRK2. Upon ligand-binding, undergoes homodimerization, autophosphorylation and activation. Recruits, phosphorylates and/or activates several downstream effectors including SHC1, FRS2, SH2B1, SH2B2 and PLCG1 that regulate distinct overlapping signaling cascades. Through SHC1, FRS2, SH2B1, SH2B2 activates the GRB2-Ras-MAPK cascade that regulates for instance neuronal differentiation including neurite outgrowth. Through the same effectors controls the Ras-PI3 kinase-AKT1 signaling cascade that mainly regulates growth and survival. Through PLCG1 and the downstream protein kinase C-regulated pathways controls synaptic plasticity. Thereby, plays a role in learning and memory by regulating both short term synaptic function and long-term potentiation. PLCG1 also leads to NF-Kappa-B activation and the transcription of genes involved in cell survival. Hence, it is able to suppress anoikis, the apoptosis resulting from loss of cell-matrix interactions. May also play a role in neutrophin-dependent calcium signaling in glial cells and mediate communication between neurons and glia.^[4]

References

1. ↑ Yeo GS, Connie Hung CC, Rochford J, Keogh J, Gray J, Sivaramakrishnan S, O'Rahilly S, Farooqi IS. A de novo mutation affecting human TrkB associated with severe obesity and developmental delay. Nat Neurosci. 2004 Nov;7(11):1187-9. Epub 2004 Oct 24. PMID:15494731 doi:10.1038/nn1336
2. ↑ Wu Y, Chen Z, Ullrich A. EGFR and FGFR signaling through FRS2 is subject to negative feedback control by ERK1/2. Biol Chem. 2003 Aug;384(8):1215-26. PMID:12974390 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/BC.2003.134
3. ↑ Persaud A, Alberts P, Hayes M, Guettler S, Clarke I, Sicheri F, Dirks P, Ciruna B, Rotin D. Nedd4-1 binds and ubiquitylates activated FGFR1 to control its endocytosis and function. EMBO J. 2011 Jul 15;30(16):3259-73. doi: 10.1038/emboj.2011.234. PMID:21765395 doi:10.1038/emboj.2011.234
4. ↑ Yeo GS, Connie Hung CC, Rochford J, Keogh J, Gray J, Sivaramakrishnan S, O'Rahilly S, Farooqi IS. A de novo mutation affecting human TrkB associated with severe obesity and developmental delay. Nat Neurosci. 2004 Nov;7(11):1187-9. Epub 2004 Oct 24. PMID:15494731 doi:10.1038/nn1336
5. ↑ Zeng L, Kuti M, Mujtaba S, Zhou MM. Structural insights into FRS2alpha PTB domain recognition by neurotrophin receptor TrkB. Proteins. 2014 Jan 27. doi: 10.1002/prot.24523. PMID:24470253 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.24523