| Structural highlights
4nu1 is a 2 chain structure with sequence from Human and Lk3 transgenic mice. Full crystallographic information is available from OCA. For a guided tour on the structure components use FirstGlance.
| | Ligands: | , , , , |
| NonStd Res: | |
| Related: | 4nm0, 4nm3, 4nm5, 4nm7 |
| Gene: | Gsk3b (LK3 transgenic mice), AXIN1, AXIN (HUMAN) |
| Resources: | FirstGlance, OCA, PDBe, RCSB, PDBsum, ProSAT |
Disease
[AXIN1_HUMAN] Defects in AXIN1 are involved in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [MIM:114550].[1] [2] Defects in AXIN1 are a cause of caudal duplication anomaly (CADUA) [MIM:607864]. Caudal duplication anomaly is characterized by the occurrence of duplications of different organs in the caudal region. Note=Caudal duplication anomaly is associated with hypermethylation of the AXIN1 promoter.[3]
Function
[GSK3B_MOUSE] Constitutively active protein kinase that acts as a negative regulator in the hormonal control of glucose homeostasis, Wnt signaling and regulation of transcription factors and microtubules, by phosphorylating and inactivating glycogen synthase (GYS1 or GYS2), EIF2B, CTNNB1/beta-catenin, APC, AXIN1, DPYSL2/CRMP2, JUN, NFATC1/NFATC, MAPT/TAU and MACF1. Requires primed phosphorylation of the majority of its substrates. In skeletal muscle, contributes to insulin regulation of glycogen synthesis by phosphorylating and inhibiting GYS1 activity and hence glycogen synthesis. May also mediate the development of insulin resistance by regulating activation of transcription factors. Regulates protein synthesis by controlling the activity of initiation factor 2B (EIF2BE/EIF2B5) in the same manner as glycogen synthase. In Wnt signaling, GSK3B forms a multimeric complex with APC, AXIN1 and CTNNB1/beta-catenin and phosphorylates the N-terminus of CTNNB1 leading to its degradation mediated by ubiquitin/proteasomes. Phosphorylates JUN at sites proximal to its DNA-binding domain, thereby reducing its affinity for DNA. Phosphorylates NFATC1/NFATC on conserved serine residues promoting NFATC1/NFATC nuclear export, shutting off NFATC1/NFATC gene regulation, and thereby opposing the action of calcineurin. Phosphorylates MAPT/TAU on 'Thr-548', decreasing significantly MAPT/TAU ability to bind and stabilize microtubules. Plays an important role in ERBB2-dependent stabilization of microtubules at the cell cortex. Phosphorylates MACF1, inhibiting its binding to microtubules which is critical for its role in bulge stem cell migration and skin wound repair. Probably regulates NF-kappa-B (NFKB1) at the transcriptional level and is required for the NF-kappa-B-mediated anti-apoptotic response to TNF-alpha (TNF/TNFA). Negatively regulates replication in pancreatic beta-cells, resulting in apoptosis, loss of beta-cells. Through phosphorylation of the anti-apoptotic protein MCL1, may control cell apoptosis in response to growth factors deprivation. Phosphorylates MUC1 in breast cancer cells, decreasing the interaction of MUC1 with CTNNB1/beta-catenin. Is necessary for the establishment of neuronal polarity and axon outgrowth. Phosphorylates MARK2, leading to inhibit its activity. Phosphorylates SIK1 at 'Thr-182', leading to sustain its activity. Phosphorylates ZC3HAV1 which enhances its antiviral activity. Phosphorylates SFPQ at 'Thr-679' upon T-cell activation. Phosphorylates SNAI1, leading to its BTRC-triggered ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Phosphorylates NR1D1 st 'Ser-55' and 'Ser-59' and stabilizes it by protecting it from proteasomal degradation.[4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [AXIN1_HUMAN] Component of the beta-catenin destruction complex required for regulating CTNNB1 levels through phosphorylation and ubiquitination, and modulating Wnt-signaling. Controls dorsoventral patterning via two opposing effects; down-regulates CTNNB1 to inhibit the Wnt signaling pathway and ventralize embryos, but also dorsalizes embryos by activating a Wnt-independent JNK signaling pathway. In Wnt signaling, probably facilitates the phosphorylation of CTNNB1 and APC by GSK3B. Likely to function as a tumor suppressor. Facilitates the phosphorylation of TP53 by HIPK2 upon ultraviolet irradiation. Enhances TGF-beta signaling by recruiting the RNF111 E3 ubiquitin ligase and promoting the degradation of inhibitory SMAD7. Also component of the AXIN1-HIPK2-TP53 complex which controls cell growth, apoptosis and development.[12] [13] [14]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a key regulator of many cellular signaling pathways. Unlike most kinases, GSK-3 is controlled by inhibition rather than by specific activation. In the insulin and several other signaling pathways, phosphorylation of a serine present in a conserved sequence near the amino terminus of GSK-3 generates an auto-inhibitory peptide. In contrast, Wnt/beta-catenin signal transduction requires phosphorylation of Ser/Pro rich sequences present in the Wnt co-receptors LRP5/6, and these motifs inhibit GSK-3 activity. We present crystal structures of GSK-3 bound to its phosphorylated N-terminus and to two of the phosphorylated LRP6 motifs. A conserved loop unique to GSK-3 undergoes a dramatic conformational change that clamps the bound pseudo-substrate peptides, and reveals the mechanism of primed substrate recognition. The structures rationalize target sequence preferences and suggest avenues for the design of inhibitors selective for a subset of pathways regulated by GSK-3. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01998.001.
Structural basis of GSK-3 inhibition by N-terminal phosphorylation and by the Wnt receptor LRP6.,Stamos JL, Chu ML, Enos MD, Shah N, Weis WI Elife. 2014 Mar 18;3:e01998. doi: 10.7554/eLife.01998. PMID:24642411[15]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
See Also
References
- ↑ Satoh S, Daigo Y, Furukawa Y, Kato T, Miwa N, Nishiwaki T, Kawasoe T, Ishiguro H, Fujita M, Tokino T, Sasaki Y, Imaoka S, Murata M, Shimano T, Yamaoka Y, Nakamura Y. AXIN1 mutations in hepatocellular carcinomas, and growth suppression in cancer cells by virus-mediated transfer of AXIN1. Nat Genet. 2000 Mar;24(3):245-50. PMID:10700176 doi:10.1038/73448
- ↑ Taniguchi K, Roberts LR, Aderca IN, Dong X, Qian C, Murphy LM, Nagorney DM, Burgart LJ, Roche PC, Smith DI, Ross JA, Liu W. Mutational spectrum of beta-catenin, AXIN1, and AXIN2 in hepatocellular carcinomas and hepatoblastomas. Oncogene. 2002 Jul 18;21(31):4863-71. PMID:12101426 doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205591
- ↑ Satoh S, Daigo Y, Furukawa Y, Kato T, Miwa N, Nishiwaki T, Kawasoe T, Ishiguro H, Fujita M, Tokino T, Sasaki Y, Imaoka S, Murata M, Shimano T, Yamaoka Y, Nakamura Y. AXIN1 mutations in hepatocellular carcinomas, and growth suppression in cancer cells by virus-mediated transfer of AXIN1. Nat Genet. 2000 Mar;24(3):245-50. PMID:10700176 doi:10.1038/73448
- ↑ Hoeflich KP, Luo J, Rubie EA, Tsao MS, Jin O, Woodgett JR. Requirement for glycogen synthase kinase-3beta in cell survival and NF-kappaB activation. Nature. 2000 Jul 6;406(6791):86-90. PMID:10894547 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35017574
- ↑ McManus EJ, Sakamoto K, Armit LJ, Ronaldson L, Shpiro N, Marquez R, Alessi DR. Role that phosphorylation of GSK3 plays in insulin and Wnt signalling defined by knockin analysis. EMBO J. 2005 Apr 20;24(8):1571-83. Epub 2005 Mar 24. PMID:15791206 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.emboj.7600633
- ↑ Maurer U, Charvet C, Wagman AS, Dejardin E, Green DR. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 regulates mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and apoptosis by destabilization of MCL-1. Mol Cell. 2006 Mar 17;21(6):749-60. PMID:16543145 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2006.02.009
- ↑ Garrido JJ, Simon D, Varea O, Wandosell F. GSK3 alpha and GSK3 beta are necessary for axon formation. FEBS Lett. 2007 Apr 17;581(8):1579-86. Epub 2007 Mar 19. PMID:17391670 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2007.03.018
- ↑ Tanabe K, Liu Z, Patel S, Doble BW, Li L, Cras-Meneur C, Martinez SC, Welling CM, White MF, Bernal-Mizrachi E, Woodgett JR, Permutt MA. Genetic deficiency of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta corrects diabetes in mouse models of insulin resistance. PLoS Biol. 2008 Feb;6(2):e37. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060037. PMID:18288891 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060037
- ↑ Kurabayashi N, Hirota T, Sakai M, Sanada K, Fukada Y. DYRK1A and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta, a dual-kinase mechanism directing proteasomal degradation of CRY2 for circadian timekeeping. Mol Cell Biol. 2010 Apr;30(7):1757-68. doi: 10.1128/MCB.01047-09. Epub 2010 Feb, 1. PMID:20123978 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.01047-09
- ↑ Wu X, Shen QT, Oristian DS, Lu CP, Zheng Q, Wang HW, Fuchs E. Skin stem cells orchestrate directional migration by regulating microtubule-ACF7 connections through GSK3beta. Cell. 2011 Feb 4;144(3):341-52. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.12.033. PMID:21295697 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.12.033
- ↑ Wakatsuki S, Saitoh F, Araki T. ZNRF1 promotes Wallerian degeneration by degrading AKT to induce GSK3B-dependent CRMP2 phosphorylation. Nat Cell Biol. 2011 Nov 6;13(12):1415-23. doi: 10.1038/ncb2373. PMID:22057101 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb2373
- ↑ Kusano S, Raab-Traub N. I-mfa domain proteins interact with Axin and affect its regulation of the Wnt and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathways. Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Sep;22(18):6393-405. PMID:12192039
- ↑ Liu W, Rui H, Wang J, Lin S, He Y, Chen M, Li Q, Ye Z, Zhang S, Chan SC, Chen YG, Han J, Lin SC. Axin is a scaffold protein in TGF-beta signaling that promotes degradation of Smad7 by Arkadia. EMBO J. 2006 Apr 19;25(8):1646-58. Epub 2006 Apr 6. PMID:16601693 doi:7601057
- ↑ Li Q, Wang X, Wu X, Rui Y, Liu W, Wang J, Wang X, Liou YC, Ye Z, Lin SC. Daxx cooperates with the Axin/HIPK2/p53 complex to induce cell death. Cancer Res. 2007 Jan 1;67(1):66-74. PMID:17210684 doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1671
- ↑ Stamos JL, Chu ML, Enos MD, Shah N, Weis WI. Structural basis of GSK-3 inhibition by N-terminal phosphorylation and by the Wnt receptor LRP6. Elife. 2014 Mar 18;3:e01998. doi: 10.7554/eLife.01998. PMID:24642411
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