User:Ophelie Lefort/Sandbox

NSP4 also called Neutrophil Serine 4 (NSP4) or Serine Protease 57 (PRSS57),is member of the peptidase S1 family of proteins. It is one of the neutrophil serine protease in the cytoplasmic granules of neutrophils. This enzyme is expressed in bone marrow and takes part of the immune response against pathogens. NSP4 is located in the telomeric region of the chromosome 19. The protein cleaves preferentially after Arg residues but also after citrulline and methylarginie residues.

Function

Recruitement of neutrophils to the site of inflammation is the earliest defense reaction against pathogens. NSP4 is stored in the azurophilic granules [1] which is a compartment of neutrophils. In response to neutrophil activation, NSP4 is released into the pericellular environment where microbes are after their phagocytosis. The serine protease 54 not only kill pathogens but also regulate the activity of immune mediators such as chemokines and lymphocytes. [2] NSP4 alterates chemokines by proteolitically cleaving N-terminus of the chemokine.[3] Furthermore, the caspase-like activity of PRSS57 can activate lymphocytes and the adaptive immune response. However, although NSP4 can inactivate some inflammatory processes, the neutrophil serine protease generally promotes than inhibits the inflammatory response.

Structural highlights

The is form by 4 amino acids: Gly(189), Phe(190, Ser(216), D(226) The residue F190 obstructs the active site which could normally not links a P1-Arg. However, a study ^[2] considered the possibility that the two residues S216 and F190 of the active site can form a flexible gate which allows P1-Arg to enter. Then, the link between the active site and P1-Arg can be stabilized by a salt bridge interaction between S1-D226 and P1-Arg. The hypothesis of the flexible gate was confirmed by the same study. The mutations of S216 only, F190 only or both together show a forced full open gate is more efficient than a forced partially open gate.

Interaction

Like in other trypsin-like proteases D226 is inaccessible to the substrate but helps stabilize the closed S1 pocket by forming an H-bond with the F190 amide. The 99-loop which forms the S2 and S4 substrate interaction sites, is weak and may be implicated in NSP4 allosteric regulation. NSP4 compared to the other trypsin-like proteases has some specificity as the arginine side chain movement from the canonical "down" to the noncanonical "up" position in NSP4, which is accomplished by a rotation of the Chi2 angle by 160°, this is possible thanks to F190 which provides a hydrophobic platform that interacts with the aliphatic portion of the P1-arginine side chain. All other residue positions are preserved. The specificity for P1-arginine is conferred by H-bonds between guanidinium group and three H-bonds acceptors (S216, S192, G217). This specificity allows NSP4 to cleave citrulline, which is not cleaved by other trypsin-like proteases because of its non-charged propriety, and the impossibility to do salt-bridges. Other trypsin-like proteases are not able to cleave methylarginine neither because of a steric clash with the methyl group, which is not an issue for NSP4 since the methyl group is exposed to the solvent. The capacity to cleave these post-translationally modified arginine utility may be to act against microbial and virulence factors containing modified arginine or to interact with chemokines. ^[3]

N terminus of NSP4 has been shown to be cleaved off by Cathepsin C and occurs during the translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum before the enzyme is stored in cytoplasmic granules. Natural serine protease inhibitors of NSP4 are present in human plasma and can form covalent NSP4-serpin complexes in vitro (antithrombin for example which act as a suicide substrate with NSP4). However, in vivo, antithrombin can not trap NSP4 because of the presence of other neutrophil proteases.^[4]

Disease

Granulocytes neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in the blood and are implicated in the immune system. They are the first defend barriers in the innate immunity. When a pathogen agent enters into the body, they recognize it thanks to its antigens and phagocyte the pathogen. They are quick and their recognition is non-specific, and not dependent on previous exposure to microorganisms.[[5]] It has also been shown that neutrophils have not only a phagocyte role but can influence all the innate and adaptive immune response by exchanging information with the other immune cells through soluble mediators or direct cell contact.[[6]] In this manner, deficiency in NSP4 might lead to neutrophil deficiency and have terrible consequences. Unfortunately, NP4 is not the more important serin protease of neutrophils, so there isn’t currently in vivo studies of the release of the protein, and any disease as yet been associated with a NSP4 dysfunction. Nevertheless, many studies have been released on the three most important neutrophil serin protease: neutrophil elastase (NE), cathepsin G (CG), and proteinase 3 (PR3). As they have quite the same function in the neutrophil, we can hypothesize that the diseases found related to those proteins are related to the diseases we might found with NSP4. For example, instead of phagocyte bacteria, neutrophils can begin an alternative cell death program leading the exchange of their nuclear chromatin by extracellular chromatin fibers covered with antimicrobial protease that can kill bacteria. [[7]] However, if neutrophils are over activated it could lead to autoimmune diseases against neutrophils serine proteases or hypersensitivity reactions. A disorder of neutrophil serine proteases as also been demonstrated in many genetic disorders like Higashi syndrome or Papillon-Lefevre syndrome.[[8]]