| Structural highlights
Disease
[EGFR_HUMAN] Defects in EGFR are associated with lung cancer (LNCR) [MIM:211980]. LNCR is a common malignancy affecting tissues of the lung. The most common form of lung cancer is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that can be divided into 3 major histologic subtypes: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell lung cancer. NSCLC is often diagnosed at an advanced stage and has a poor prognosis.
Function
[EGFR_HUMAN] Receptor tyrosine kinase binding ligands of the EGF family and activating several signaling cascades to convert extracellular cues into appropriate cellular responses. Known ligands include EGF, TGFA/TGF-alpha, amphiregulin, epigen/EPGN, BTC/betacellulin, epiregulin/EREG and HBEGF/heparin-binding EGF. Ligand binding triggers receptor homo- and/or heterodimerization and autophosphorylation on key cytoplasmic residues. The phosphorylated receptor recruits adapter proteins like GRB2 which in turn activates complex downstream signaling cascades. Activates at least 4 major downstream signaling cascades including the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK, PI3 kinase-AKT, PLCgamma-PKC and STATs modules. May also activate the NF-kappa-B signaling cascade. Also directly phosphorylates other proteins like RGS16, activating its GTPase activity and probably coupling the EGF receptor signaling to the G protein-coupled receptor signaling. Also phosphorylates MUC1 and increases its interaction with SRC and CTNNB1/beta-catenin.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] Isoform 2 may act as an antagonist of EGF action.[14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Targeted therapy based on protein-drug conjugates has attracted significant attention owing to its high efficacy and low side effects. However, efficient and stable drug conjugation to a protein binder remains a challenge. Herein, a chemoenzymatic method to generate highly stable and homogenous drug conjugates with high efficiency is presented. The approach comprises the insertion of the CaaX sequence at the C-terminal end of the protein binder, prenylation using farnesyltransferase, and drug conjugation through an oxime ligation reaction. MMAF and an EGFR-specific repebody are used as the antitumor agent and protein binder, respectively. The method enables the precisely controlled synthesis of repebody-drug conjugates with high yield and homogeneity. The utility of this approach is illustrated by the notable stability of the repebody-drug conjugates in human plasma, negligible off-target effects, and a remarkable antitumor activity in vivo. The present method can be widely used for generating highly homogeneous and stable PDCs for targeted therapy.
Enzymatic Prenylation and Oxime Ligation for the Synthesis of Stable and Homogeneous Protein-Drug Conjugates for Targeted Therapy.,Lee JJ, Choi HJ, Yun M, Kang Y, Jung JE, Ryu Y, Kim TY, Cha YJ, Cho HS, Min JJ, Chung CW, Kim HS Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2015 Oct 5;54(41):12020-4. doi: 10.1002/anie.201505964., Epub 2015 Aug 28. PMID:26315561[27]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
- ↑ Galisteo ML, Dikic I, Batzer AG, Langdon WY, Schlessinger J. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the c-cbl proto-oncogene protein product and association with epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor upon EGF stimulation. J Biol Chem. 1995 Sep 1;270(35):20242-5. PMID:7657591
- ↑ Derrien A, Druey KM. RGS16 function is regulated by epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation. J Biol Chem. 2001 Dec 21;276(51):48532-8. Epub 2001 Oct 15. PMID:11602604 doi:10.1074/jbc.M108862200
- ↑ Shao H, Cheng HY, Cook RG, Tweardy DJ. Identification and characterization of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 recruitment sites within the epidermal growth factor receptor. Cancer Res. 2003 Jul 15;63(14):3923-30. PMID:12873986
- ↑ Arcaro A, Zvelebil MJ, Wallasch C, Ullrich A, Waterfield MD, Domin J. Class II phosphoinositide 3-kinases are downstream targets of activated polypeptide growth factor receptors. Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Jun;20(11):3817-30. PMID:10805725
- ↑ Habib AA, Chatterjee S, Park SK, Ratan RR, Lefebvre S, Vartanian T. The epidermal growth factor receptor engages receptor interacting protein and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B)-inducing kinase to activate NF-kappa B. Identification of a novel receptor-tyrosine kinase signalosome. J Biol Chem. 2001 Mar 23;276(12):8865-74. Epub 2000 Dec 14. PMID:11116146 doi:10.1074/jbc.M008458200
- ↑ Li Y, Ren J, Yu W, Li Q, Kuwahara H, Yin L, Carraway KL 3rd, Kufe D. The epidermal growth factor receptor regulates interaction of the human DF3/MUC1 carcinoma antigen with c-Src and beta-catenin. J Biol Chem. 2001 Sep 21;276(38):35239-42. Epub 2001 Aug 1. PMID:11483589 doi:10.1074/jbc.C100359200
- ↑ Wang SC, Nakajima Y, Yu YL, Xia W, Chen CT, Yang CC, McIntush EW, Li LY, Hawke DH, Kobayashi R, Hung MC. Tyrosine phosphorylation controls PCNA function through protein stability. Nat Cell Biol. 2006 Dec;8(12):1359-68. Epub 2006 Nov 19. PMID:17115032 doi:10.1038/ncb1501
- ↑ Hsu JM, Chen CT, Chou CK, Kuo HP, Li LY, Lin CY, Lee HJ, Wang YN, Liu M, Liao HW, Shi B, Lai CC, Bedford MT, Tsai CH, Hung MC. Crosstalk between Arg 1175 methylation and Tyr 1173 phosphorylation negatively modulates EGFR-mediated ERK activation. Nat Cell Biol. 2011 Feb;13(2):174-81. doi: 10.1038/ncb2158. Epub 2011 Jan 23. PMID:21258366 doi:10.1038/ncb2158
- ↑ Ogiso H, Ishitani R, Nureki O, Fukai S, Yamanaka M, Kim JH, Saito K, Sakamoto A, Inoue M, Shirouzu M, Yokoyama S. Crystal structure of the complex of human epidermal growth factor and receptor extracellular domains. Cell. 2002 Sep 20;110(6):775-87. PMID:12297050
- ↑ Ferguson KM, Berger MB, Mendrola JM, Cho HS, Leahy DJ, Lemmon MA. EGF activates its receptor by removing interactions that autoinhibit ectodomain dimerization. Mol Cell. 2003 Feb;11(2):507-17. PMID:12620237
- ↑ Wood ER, Truesdale AT, McDonald OB, Yuan D, Hassell A, Dickerson SH, Ellis B, Pennisi C, Horne E, Lackey K, Alligood KJ, Rusnak DW, Gilmer TM, Shewchuk L. A unique structure for epidermal growth factor receptor bound to GW572016 (Lapatinib): relationships among protein conformation, inhibitor off-rate, and receptor activity in tumor cells. Cancer Res. 2004 Sep 15;64(18):6652-9. PMID:15374980 doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1168
- ↑ Red Brewer M, Choi SH, Alvarado D, Moravcevic K, Pozzi A, Lemmon MA, Carpenter G. The juxtamembrane region of the EGF receptor functions as an activation domain. Mol Cell. 2009 Jun 26;34(6):641-51. PMID:19560417 doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2009.04.034
- ↑ Lu C, Mi LZ, Grey MJ, Zhu J, Graef E, Yokoyama S, Springer TA. Structural Evidence for Loose Linkage between Ligand Binding and Kinase Activation in the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. Mol Cell Biol. 2010 Sep 13. PMID:20837704 doi:10.1128/MCB.00742-10
- ↑ Galisteo ML, Dikic I, Batzer AG, Langdon WY, Schlessinger J. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the c-cbl proto-oncogene protein product and association with epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor upon EGF stimulation. J Biol Chem. 1995 Sep 1;270(35):20242-5. PMID:7657591
- ↑ Derrien A, Druey KM. RGS16 function is regulated by epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation. J Biol Chem. 2001 Dec 21;276(51):48532-8. Epub 2001 Oct 15. PMID:11602604 doi:10.1074/jbc.M108862200
- ↑ Shao H, Cheng HY, Cook RG, Tweardy DJ. Identification and characterization of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 recruitment sites within the epidermal growth factor receptor. Cancer Res. 2003 Jul 15;63(14):3923-30. PMID:12873986
- ↑ Arcaro A, Zvelebil MJ, Wallasch C, Ullrich A, Waterfield MD, Domin J. Class II phosphoinositide 3-kinases are downstream targets of activated polypeptide growth factor receptors. Mol Cell Biol. 2000 Jun;20(11):3817-30. PMID:10805725
- ↑ Habib AA, Chatterjee S, Park SK, Ratan RR, Lefebvre S, Vartanian T. The epidermal growth factor receptor engages receptor interacting protein and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B)-inducing kinase to activate NF-kappa B. Identification of a novel receptor-tyrosine kinase signalosome. J Biol Chem. 2001 Mar 23;276(12):8865-74. Epub 2000 Dec 14. PMID:11116146 doi:10.1074/jbc.M008458200
- ↑ Li Y, Ren J, Yu W, Li Q, Kuwahara H, Yin L, Carraway KL 3rd, Kufe D. The epidermal growth factor receptor regulates interaction of the human DF3/MUC1 carcinoma antigen with c-Src and beta-catenin. J Biol Chem. 2001 Sep 21;276(38):35239-42. Epub 2001 Aug 1. PMID:11483589 doi:10.1074/jbc.C100359200
- ↑ Wang SC, Nakajima Y, Yu YL, Xia W, Chen CT, Yang CC, McIntush EW, Li LY, Hawke DH, Kobayashi R, Hung MC. Tyrosine phosphorylation controls PCNA function through protein stability. Nat Cell Biol. 2006 Dec;8(12):1359-68. Epub 2006 Nov 19. PMID:17115032 doi:10.1038/ncb1501
- ↑ Hsu JM, Chen CT, Chou CK, Kuo HP, Li LY, Lin CY, Lee HJ, Wang YN, Liu M, Liao HW, Shi B, Lai CC, Bedford MT, Tsai CH, Hung MC. Crosstalk between Arg 1175 methylation and Tyr 1173 phosphorylation negatively modulates EGFR-mediated ERK activation. Nat Cell Biol. 2011 Feb;13(2):174-81. doi: 10.1038/ncb2158. Epub 2011 Jan 23. PMID:21258366 doi:10.1038/ncb2158
- ↑ Ogiso H, Ishitani R, Nureki O, Fukai S, Yamanaka M, Kim JH, Saito K, Sakamoto A, Inoue M, Shirouzu M, Yokoyama S. Crystal structure of the complex of human epidermal growth factor and receptor extracellular domains. Cell. 2002 Sep 20;110(6):775-87. PMID:12297050
- ↑ Ferguson KM, Berger MB, Mendrola JM, Cho HS, Leahy DJ, Lemmon MA. EGF activates its receptor by removing interactions that autoinhibit ectodomain dimerization. Mol Cell. 2003 Feb;11(2):507-17. PMID:12620237
- ↑ Wood ER, Truesdale AT, McDonald OB, Yuan D, Hassell A, Dickerson SH, Ellis B, Pennisi C, Horne E, Lackey K, Alligood KJ, Rusnak DW, Gilmer TM, Shewchuk L. A unique structure for epidermal growth factor receptor bound to GW572016 (Lapatinib): relationships among protein conformation, inhibitor off-rate, and receptor activity in tumor cells. Cancer Res. 2004 Sep 15;64(18):6652-9. PMID:15374980 doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1168
- ↑ Red Brewer M, Choi SH, Alvarado D, Moravcevic K, Pozzi A, Lemmon MA, Carpenter G. The juxtamembrane region of the EGF receptor functions as an activation domain. Mol Cell. 2009 Jun 26;34(6):641-51. PMID:19560417 doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2009.04.034
- ↑ Lu C, Mi LZ, Grey MJ, Zhu J, Graef E, Yokoyama S, Springer TA. Structural Evidence for Loose Linkage between Ligand Binding and Kinase Activation in the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. Mol Cell Biol. 2010 Sep 13. PMID:20837704 doi:10.1128/MCB.00742-10
- ↑ Lee JJ, Choi HJ, Yun M, Kang Y, Jung JE, Ryu Y, Kim TY, Cha YJ, Cho HS, Min JJ, Chung CW, Kim HS. Enzymatic Prenylation and Oxime Ligation for the Synthesis of Stable and Homogeneous Protein-Drug Conjugates for Targeted Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2015 Oct 5;54(41):12020-4. doi: 10.1002/anie.201505964., Epub 2015 Aug 28. PMID:26315561 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201505964
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