| Structural highlights
Disease
[TTHY_HUMAN] Defects in TTR are the cause of amyloidosis transthyretin-related (AMYL-TTR) [MIM:105210]. A hereditary generalized amyloidosis due to transthyretin amyloid deposition. Protein fibrils can form in different tissues leading to amyloid polyneuropathies, amyloidotic cardiomyopathy, carpal tunnel syndrome, systemic senile amyloidosis. The disease includes leptomeningeal amyloidosis that is characterized by primary involvement of the central nervous system. Neuropathologic examination shows amyloid in the walls of leptomeningeal vessels, in pia arachnoid, and subpial deposits. Some patients also develop vitreous amyloid deposition that leads to visual impairment (oculoleptomeningeal amyloidosis). Clinical features include seizures, stroke-like episodes, dementia, psychomotor deterioration, variable amyloid deposition in the vitreous humor.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] Defects in TTR are a cause of hyperthyroxinemia dystransthyretinemic euthyroidal (HTDE) [MIM:145680]. It is a condition characterized by elevation of total and free thyroxine in healthy, euthyroid persons without detectable binding protein abnormalities.[73] Defects in TTR are a cause of carpal tunnel syndrome type 1 (CTS1) [MIM:115430]. It is a condition characterized by entrapment of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. This condition may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma, wrist injuries, amyloid neuropathies, rheumatoid arthritis.[74]
Function
[TTHY_HUMAN] Thyroid hormone-binding protein. Probably transports thyroxine from the bloodstream to the brain.[75]
Evolutionary Conservation
Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf.
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Transthyretin (TTR) is a tetrameric protein associated with amyloidosis caused by tetramer dissociation and monomer misfolding. The structure of two TTR variants (E54G and E54K) with Glu54 point mutation that cause clinically aggressive amyloidosis remains unclear, although amyloidogenicity of artificial triple mutations (residues 53-55) in beta-strand D had been investigated. Here we first analyzed the crystal structures and biochemical and biophysical properties of E54G and E54K TTRs. The direction of the Lys15 side chain in E54K TTR and the surface electrostatic potential in the edge region in both variants were different from those of wild-type TTR. The presence of Lys54 leads to destabilization of tetramer structure due to enhanced electrostatic repulsion between Lys15 of two monomers. Consistent with structural data, the biochemical analyses demonstrated that E54G and E54K TTRs were more unstable than wild-type TTR. Furthermore, the entrance of the thyroxine (T(4)) binding pocket in TTR was markedly narrower in E54K TTR and wider in E54G TTR compared with wild-type TTR. The tetramer stabilization and amyloid fibril formation assays in the presence of T(4) showed lower tetramer stability and more fibril formation in E54K and E54G TTRs than in wild-type TTR, suggesting decreased T(4) binding to the TTR variants. These findings indicate that structural modification by Glu54 point mutation may sufficiently alter tetramer stability and T(4) binding.
Role of the Glutamic Acid 54 Residue in Transthyretin Stability and Thyroxine Binding (,).,Miyata M, Sato T, Mizuguchi M, Nakamura T, Ikemizu S, Nabeshima Y, Susuki S, Suwa Y, Morioka H, Ando Y, Suico MA, Shuto T, Koga T, Yamagata Y, Kai H Biochemistry. 2009 Dec 8. PMID:19950966[76]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
See Also
References
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- ↑ Murakami T, Maeda S, Yi S, Ikegawa S, Kawashima E, Onodera S, Shimada K, Araki S. A novel transthyretin mutation associated with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Jan 31;182(2):520-6. PMID:1734866
- ↑ Murakami T, Atsumi T, Maeda S, Tanase S, Ishikawa K, Mita S, Kumamoto T, Araki S, Ando M. A novel transthyretin mutation at position 30 (Leu for Val) associated with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Aug 31;187(1):397-403. PMID:1520326
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- ↑ Almeida Mdo R, Lopez-Andreu F, Munar-Ques M, Costa PP, Saraiva MJ. Transthyretin ALA 71: a new transthyretin variant in a Spanish family with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. Hum Mutat. 1993;2(5):420-1. PMID:8257997 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/humu.1380020516
- ↑ Benson MD 2nd, Turpin JC, Lucotte G, Zeldenrust S, LeChevalier B, Benson MD. A transthyretin variant (alanine 71) associated with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy in a French family. J Med Genet. 1993 Feb;30(2):120-2. PMID:8095302
- ↑ Skare JC, Milunsky JM, Milunsky A, Skare IB, Cohen AS, Skinner M. A new transthyretin variant from a patient with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy has asparagine substituted for histidine at position 90. Clin Genet. 1991 Jan;39(1):6-12. PMID:1997217
- ↑ Jacobson DR, Buxbaum JN. A double-variant transthyretin allele (Ser 6, Ile 33) in the Israeli patient "SKO" with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. Hum Mutat. 1994;3(3):254-60. PMID:8019560 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/humu.1380030313
- ↑ Jacobson DR, Gertz MA, Buxbaum JN. Transthyretin VAL107, a new variant associated with familial cardiac and neuropathic amyloidosis. Hum Mutat. 1994;3(4):399-401. PMID:8081397 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/humu.1380030414
- ↑ Uemichi T, Gertz MA, Benson MD. Amyloid polyneuropathy in two German-American families: a new transthyretin variant (Val 107). J Med Genet. 1994 May;31(5):416-7. PMID:7914929
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- ↑ Patrosso MC, Salvi F, De Grandis D, Vezzoni P, Jacobson DR, Ferlini A. Novel transthyretin missense mutation (Thr34) in an Italian family with hereditary amyloidosis. Am J Med Genet. 1998 May 1;77(2):135-8. PMID:9605286
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- ↑ Misrahi AM, Plante V, Lalu T, Serre L, Adams D, Lacroix DC, Said G. New transthyretin variants SER 91 and SER 116 associated with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. Mutations in brief no. 151. Online. Hum Mutat. 1998;12(1):71. PMID:10627135 doi:<71::AID-HUMU15>3.0.CO;2-7 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1998)12:1<71::AID-HUMU15>3.0.CO;2-7
- ↑ Booth DR, Gillmore JD, Persey MR, Booth SE, Cafferty KD, Tennent GA, Madhoo S, Cochrane SW, Whitehead TC, Pasvol G, Hawkins PN. Transthyretin Ile73Val is associated with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy in a Bangladeshi family. Mutations in brief no. 158. Online. Hum Mutat. 1998;12(2):135. PMID:10694917 doi:<135::AID-HUMU10>3.0.CO;2-6 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1998)12:2<135::AID-HUMU10>3.0.CO;2-6
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- ↑ Nakamura M, Hamidi Asl K, Benson MD. A novel variant of transthyretin (Glu89Lys) associated with familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. Amyloid. 2000 Mar;7(1):46-50. PMID:10842705
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- ↑ Rosenzweig M, Skinner M, Prokaeva T, Theberge R, Costello C, Drachman BM, Connors LH. A new transthyretin variant (Glu61Gly) associated with cardiomyopathy. Amyloid. 2007 Mar;14(1):65-71. PMID:17453626 doi:775700621
- ↑ Bergstrom J, Patrosso MC, Colussi G, Salvadore M, Penco S, Lando G, Marocchi A, Ueda A, Nakamura M, Ando Y. A novel type of familial transthyretin amyloidosis, ATTR Asn124Ser, with co-localization of kappa light chains. Amyloid. 2007 Jun;14(2):141-5. PMID:17577687 doi:779687106
- ↑ Altland K, Benson MD, Costello CE, Ferlini A, Hazenberg BP, Hund E, Kristen AV, Linke RP, Merlini G, Salvi F, Saraiva MJ, Singer R, Skinner M, Winter P. Genetic microheterogeneity of human transthyretin detected by IEF. Electrophoresis. 2007 Jun;28(12):2053-64. PMID:17503405 doi:10.1002/elps.200600840
- ↑ Augustin S, Llige D, Andreu A, Gonzalez A, Genesca J. Familial amyloidosis in a large Spanish kindred resulting from a D38V mutation in the transthyretin gene. Eur J Clin Invest. 2007 Aug;37(8):673-8. PMID:17635579 doi:ECI1836
- ↑ Moses AC, Rosen HN, Moller DE, Tsuzaki S, Haddow JE, Lawlor J, Liepnieks JJ, Nichols WC, Benson MD. A point mutation in transthyretin increases affinity for thyroxine and produces euthyroid hyperthyroxinemia. J Clin Invest. 1990 Dec;86(6):2025-33. PMID:1979335 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI114938
- ↑ Murakami T, Tachibana S, Endo Y, Kawai R, Hara M, Tanase S, Ando M. Familial carpal tunnel syndrome due to amyloidogenic transthyretin His 114 variant. Neurology. 1994 Feb;44(2):315-8. PMID:8309582
- ↑ Herbert J, Wilcox JN, Pham KT, Fremeau RT Jr, Zeviani M, Dwork A, Soprano DR, Makover A, Goodman DS, Zimmerman EA, et al.. Transthyretin: a choroid plexus-specific transport protein in human brain. The 1986 S. Weir Mitchell award. Neurology. 1986 Jul;36(7):900-11. PMID:3714052
- ↑ Miyata M, Sato T, Mizuguchi M, Nakamura T, Ikemizu S, Nabeshima Y, Susuki S, Suwa Y, Morioka H, Ando Y, Suico MA, Shuto T, Koga T, Yamagata Y, Kai H. Role of the Glutamic Acid 54 Residue in Transthyretin Stability and Thyroxine Binding (,). Biochemistry. 2009 Dec 8. PMID:19950966 doi:10.1021/bi901677z
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