Aldehyde dehydrogenase

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Revision as of 10:03, 4 March 2019

Aldehyde hydrogenase class 1 tetramer complex with NAD, dithiothreitol and dimercaptobutane-diol, 1o9j

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1 Function
2 Disease
3 Relevance
4 Structural highlights
5 3D Structures of aldehyde dehydrogenase

Function

Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) converts aldehydes to carboxylic acids while reducing NAD+ to NADH. In mammals there are 3 classes of ALDH and each contain constitutive and inducible forms.

ALDH class 1 is cytosolic.
RALDH class 1A 1 is retinal dehydrogenase which converts retinalaldehyde to retinoic acid.
RALDH class 1A 2 is retinal dehydrogenase which converts retinal to retinoate.
RALDH class 1A 3 is retinal dehydrogenase which funcrions in detoxification of aldehydes.
ALDH class 2 is mitochondrial.
ALDH class 3 is found in tumors, stomach and cornea. ALDH3A1 is soluble and has substrate specificity to bulky aromatic aldehydes. ALDH3A2 is a fatty ALDH (FALDH). FALDH was found to have an additional gatekeeper helix at the substrate funnel entrance that is shaping the enzymes substrate specificity. ^[1]
ALDH family 7 member A1 is known as antiquitin and functions in the detoxification of aldehydes.
Glyceraldehyde-3-phophate (G3P)-ALDH is called GAPDH. GADPH catalyzes the reversible oxidative phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate in the presence of inorganic phosphate (Pi) and NAD. The aldehyde of G3P reacts with the cysteine-thiol to form a carboxylic acid in a high energy thioester form. The thioester is attacked by the inorganic phosphate and forms the acyl phosphate. GAPDH is part of the glycolysis pathway. GAPDH contains NAD-dependent and NADPH-dependent enzymes.

For the complex of ALDH and nitroglycerine see NitroDur.

Disease

ALDH inhibition is associate with Parkinson disease. Inhibitors can include pesticides. Mitochondrial ALDH2 deficiency causes accumulation of acetaldehyde in the blood following alcohol consumption resulting in the syndrome known as Alcohol flush syndrome.

Relevance

Buildup of toxic aldehydes causes cell damage and cardiac diseases.

Structural highlights

A cysteine-thiol at the active site of GAPDH plays a role in catalysis.

. Water molecules shown as red spheres.
.
.

3D Structures of aldehyde dehydrogenase

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 3D structures

References

↑ Keller, Markus A.; Zander, Ulrich; Fuchs, Julian E.; Kreutz, Christoph; Watschinger, Katrin et al. (2014). A gatekeeper helix determines the substrate specificity of Sjögren–Larsson Syndrome enzyme fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase. Nature Communications vol. 5.

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Michal Harel, Alexander Berchansky, Joel L. Sussman

Retrieved from "http://52.214.119.220/wiki/index.php/Aldehyde_dehydrogenase"

Category: Topic Page

Aldehyde dehydrogenase

From Proteopedia

Revision as of 10:03, 4 March 2019

Contents

Function

Disease

Relevance

Structural highlights

3D Structures of aldehyde dehydrogenase

References

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 </StructureSection>
-== 3D Structures of Aldehyde dehydrogenase ==
-Updated on {{REVISIONDAY2}}-{{MONTHNAME|{{REVISIONMONTH}}}}-{{REVISIONYEAR}}
-{{#tree:id=OrganizedByTopic|openlevels=0|
-*ALDH class 1
-**[[3fx4]] – ALDH1 + NADP + inhibitor – pig<BR />
-**[[1bxs]] – sALDH1 + NAD - sheep<br />
-**[[5abm]] - sALDH1 + NAD derivative<br />
-**[[5ac0]] - sALDH1 + NAD + duocarmycin analog<br />
-**[[5ac1]], [[5ac2]] - sALDH1 + duocarmycin analog<br />
-**[[1o9j]] – ALDH1 + NAD – Elephant shrew<br />
-**[[3rhj]], [[3rhl]], [[3rho]], [[3rhp]], [[3rhq]], [[3rhr]] – rALDH1 C- terminal (mutant) + NADP – rat<br />
-**[[3rhm]] - rALDH1 C- terminal<br />
-**[[1hso]] – hALDH1 α subunit + Zn + NAD - human<br />
-**[[4wj9]] - hALDH1 (mutant) <br />
-**[[4wpn]] - hALDH1 + inhibitor<br />
-**[[4wp7]] - hALDH1 (mutant) + inhibitor<br />
-**[[4wb9]] - hALDH1 + NAD derivative <br />
-**[[4x4l]] - hALDH1 + NAD derivative + inhibitor<br />
-**[[1ht0]] – hALDH1 γ subunit (mutant) + Zn + NAD
-*ALDH class 1 A (retinal dehydrogenase)
-**[[5l2m]], [[5l2n]], [[5l2o]] – hRALDH1 + inhibitor<br />
-**[[5tei]] – hRALDH1 + NAD + inhibitor<br />
-**[[6alj]], [[6b5g]], [[6b5h]], [[6b5i]] – hRALDH2 + NAD + inhibitor<br />
-**[[5fhz]] – hRALDH3 + NAD + retinol<br />
-*ALDH class 2
-**[[3n80]], [[1o05]], [[4kwf]] – hALDH2 residues 18-517<BR />
-**[[3n81]], [[2onn]], [[2ono]], [[1zum]] – hALDH2 residues 18-517 (mutant) <BR />
-**[[1ag8]] – bALDH NAD binding domain - bovine
-*ALDH2 binary complex
-**[[3inj]], [[3inl]], [[4kwg]] - hALDH2 residues 18-517 + agonist<BR />
-**[[2vle]] - hALDH2 residues 24-517 + daidzin<BR />
-**[[1nzx]], [[1nzz]], [[1o00]], [[1o02]], [[1cw3]], [[4x2q]] - hALDH2 residues 18-517 + NAD<BR />
-**[[3n82]], [[3n83]], [[2onm]], [[2onp]], [[1nzw]], [[1o04]] – hALDH2 residues 18-517 (mutant) + NADH<BR />
-**[[3sz9]] - hALDH2 residues 18-517 + inhibitor<br />
-**[[1a4z]] – bALDH2 NAD-binding domain + NAD<BR />
-**[[1bi9]] – rALDH2 + NAD<br />
-**[[4pxl]] – mALDH2 + NAD - maize<br />
-**[[4pz2]] – mALDH6 + NAD <br />
-**[[6d97]] – mALDH12 + NAD <br />
-*ALDH2 ternary complex
-**[[1o01]] - hALDH2 residues 18-517 + NADH + aldehyde<br />
-**[[4fqf]] - hALDH2 residues 18-517 + NAD + NO2<br />
-**[[4fr8]] - hALDH2 residues 18-517 (mutant) + NAD + ADP + nitroglycerin<br />
-**[[5l13]] – hALDH2 + inhibitor<br />
-*ALDH class 3
-**[[1ad3]] – rALDH3<br />
-**[[3sza]] - hALDH3A1<br />
-**[[3szb]], [[4l1o]], [[4l2o]] – hALDH3A1 + inhibitor<br />
-**[[4h80]] - hALDH3A1 (mutant) + inhibitor<br />
-**[[4qgk]] – hALDH3A2 + ligand<br />
-**[[5myp]] – TbALDH – ''Trypanosoma brucei''<br />
-**[[5nno]] – TbALDH + NAD + inhibitor <br />
-*NAD-dependent  ALDH
-**[[2w8n]], [[2w8o]], [[2w8r]] – Succinate–semi-hALDH family 5<BR />
-**[[2w8p]] - Succinate–semi-hALDH family 5 (mutant) <BR />
-**[[3r31]] – Betaine-ALDH – ''Agrobacterium tumefaciens''<BR />
-**[[4mpb]], [[4nu9]], [[4q92]], [[4qto]] - Betaine-SaALDH  – ''Staphylococcus aureus''<BR />
-**[[4qje]] - Betaine-SaALDH (mutant)<br />
-**[[4zxu]], [[4zwl]] - Betaine-SaALDH (mutant) + NAD<br />
-**[[4cbb]], [[6bpg]] - Betaine-PaALDH - ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
-**[[6bjp]] - Betaine-PaALDH (mutant)<br />
-**[[1a4s]] - Betaine-cALDH - cod<BR />
-**[[3vos]], [[3tz6]], [[3vos]] – Aspartate-semi-MtALDH<BR />
-**[[2cq8]] - Formyltetrahydrofolate-hALDH PP-binding domain - NMR<BR />
-**[[2nac]] – Formate-PsALDH<BR />
-**[[3i44]] – ALDH – ''Bartonella henselae''<BR />
-**[[3ek1]] – ALDH – ''Brucella melitensis''<br />
-**[[3ros]] – ALDH – ''Lactobacillus acidophilus''<br />
-**[[3r64]] – ALDH – ''Corynebacterium glutamicum''<br />
-**[[3rhe]] – Benzaldehyde-ALDH – ''Legionella pneumophila''<br />
-**[[3u4j]], [[4i3t]] – SmALDH – ''Sinorhizobium meliloti''<br />
-**[[5dru]] - CpALDH – ''Clostridium phytofermentans''<br />
-**[[4qf6]], [[5gt6]] – BcALDH – ''Bacillus cereus''<br />
-**[[4qet]] – BcALDH (mutant)<br />
-**[[5uju]] - BmALDH – ''Burkholderia multivorans''<br />
-**[[6fk3]], [[6fkv]], [[6fjv]] - TtALDH – ''Thermus thermophilus''<br />
-*NAD-dependent  ALDH binary complexes
-**[[2w8q]] - Succinate–semi-hALDH family 5 + succinic acid<BR />
-**[[4mpy]], [[4nea]] - Betaine-SaALDH + NAD<BR />
-**[[4qn2]], [[5ez4]], [[5eyu]], [[5dib]] - Betaine-SaALDH (mutant) + NAD<br />
-**[[1bpw]] - Betaine-cALDH + NAD<BR />
-**[[4zvw]], [[4zvx]] - Aminoadipate-semi-hALDH family 7<br />
-**[[2j6l]], [[4zvy]] – Aminoadipate-semi-hALDH family 7 + NAD<BR />
-**[[4x0u]] - Aminoadipate-semi-hALDH family 7+ inhibitor<br />
-**[[4zuk]] - Aminoadipate-semi-hALDH family 7+ NAD<br />
-**[[4zul]] - Aminoadipate-semi-hALDH family 7+ α-aminoadipate<br />
-**[[2cfi]] - Formyltetrahydrofolate-hALDH hydrolase domain + formyltetrahydropterin<BR />
-**[[2nad]] - Formate-PaALDH + NAD <BR />
-**[[3l4p]], [[1sij]] – ALDH + AsO3 – ''Desulfovibrio gigas''<br />
-**[[4a0m]], [[4v37]] – spALDH + NAD – spinach<br />
-**[[5a2d]], [[4v3f]] – spALDH + choline<br />
-**[[3iwk]] – amino-ALDH + NAD – pea<br />
-**[[3ju8]] - Succinylglutamic–semi-PaALDH + NAD <br />
-**[[4caz]] - Betaine-PaALDH + NAD derivative<br />
-**[[4c3s]] - CpALDH + NAD <br />
-**[[5dbv]] - CpALDH + CoA <br />
-**[[4i3u]] – SmALDH + phosphonoacetaldehyde<br />
-**[[5gtk]] – BcALDH + NAD<br />
-**[[5jfl]] – RpALDH + NAD – ''Rhodopseudomonas palustris''<br />
-**[[6gvs]] – RpALDH + NADP <br />
-**[[5jfn]] – RpALDH + CoA <br />
-**[[6fku]] – TtALDH + NADP <br />
-*NAD-dependent  ALDH ternary complexes
-**[[2gsd]] – Formate-ALDH + NAD + azide – ''Moraxella''<BR />
-**[[1nvm]] – Acetaldehyde-PsALDH + 4-hydroxy-oxovalerate aldolase + NAD<BR />
-**[[1llu]] - PaALDH + NAD + alcohol<br />
-**[[4i3v]], [[4i3w]] – SmALDH + aldehyde derivative + NAD<br />
-**[[4i3x]] – SmALDH + phosphonoacete + NAD<br />
-**[[5jfm]] – RpALDH + CoA + propionyl-CoA<br />
-**[[4x0t]] - Aminoadipate-semi-hALDH family 7 + NAD+ inhibitor<br />
-*NADP-dependent  ALDH
-**[[3k2w]] - Betaine-ALDH – ''Pseudoalteromonas atlantica''<BR />
-**[[2hg2]], [[2opx]] – Lactaldehyde-EcALDH <BR />
-**[[2o2p]] – Formyltetrahydrofolate-rALDH C-terminal<br />
-**[[2y51]], [[2y52]], [[2y53]], [[2y5d]] – BxALDH (mutant) – ''Burkholderia xenovorans''<br />
-**[[4v6h]] - Succinate–semi-ALDH – ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''<br />
-**[[3rh9]] - Succinate–semi-ALDH – ''Marinobacter aquaeolei''<br />
-**[[3uw3]] - aspartate–semi-BtALDH – ''Burkholderia thailandensis''<br />
-**[[3v4c]] - SmALDH<br />
-**[[4gac]] – ALDH – mouse<br />
-**[[5eeb]] - PfALDH – ''Pyrobaculum ferrireducens''<br />
-*NADP-dependent  ALDH binary complexes
-**[[2wox]], [[2wme]], [[2xdr]], [[3zqa]] - Betaine-PaALDH + NADP<BR />
-**[[2ilu]] - Lactaldehyde-EcALDH + NADP<BR />
-**[[3rhd]] - Lactaldehyde-MjALDH + NADP - ''Methanocaldococcus jannaschii''<br />
-**[[2o2q]], [[2o2r]] - Formyltetrahydrofolate-rALDH C-terminal + NADP<BR />
-**[[3b4w]] - MtALDH + NADP – ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''<BR />
-**[[1eyy]], [[1ez0]] – ALDH + NADP – ''Vibrio harveyi''<br />
-**[[3jz4]] - Succinate–semi-EcALDH + NADP<br />
-**[[3hsk]] - aspartate–semi-ALDH + NADP – ''Candida albicans''<br />
-**[[4h73]], [[4nmj]], [[4nmk]], [[5f2c]], [[5exf]], [[5euy]], [[5ekc]], [[5ek6]] - PfALDH + NADP <br />
-**[[5kf0]] - ALDH + NADP – ''Burkholderia vietnamiensis''<br />
-**[[5jry]] - BmALDH + NADP <br />
-**[[5j6b]] - BtALDH + NADP <br />
-**[[5gtl]] – BcALDH + NADP<br />
-*NADP-dependent  ALDH ternary complexes
-**[[2imp]] - Lactaldehyde-EcALDH + NADH + lactate<BR />
-**[[2vro]] – BxALDH + NADP + alcohol <br />
-*Indole-3-ALDH
-**[[5iuu]] – PsIALDH – ''Pseudomonas syringae''<br />
-**[[5iuv]] – PsIALDH + NAD<br />
-**[[5iuw]] – PsIALDH + NAD + indole acetate<br />
-*NAD-dependent glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
-**[[1vsu]] – CpGAPDH – ''Cryptosporidium parvum''<br />
-**[[1ywg]] – PfGAPDH – ''Plasmodium falciparum''<br />
-**[[2ep7]] – GAPDH – ''Aquifex aeolicus''<br />
-**[[2i5p]] – GAPDH – ''Kluyveromyces marxianus''<br />
-**[[1obf]] – GAPDH – ''Achromobacter xylosoxidans''<br />
-**[[1b7g]] – GAPDH – ''Sulfolobus solfataricus''<br />
-**[[2gd1]], [[3cmc]] – GsGAPDH – ''Geobacillus stearothermophilus''<br />
-**[[3e6a]] – OsGAPDH – ''Oryza sativa''<br />
-**[[4gpd]], [[1gpd]], [[1crw]] – GAPDH – lobster<br />
-**[[3l6o]], [[3lc7]] – SaGAPDH<br />
-**[[1dc3]], [[1dc5]], [[1s7c]] – EcGAPDH - ''Escherichia coli''<br />
-*''GAPDH binary complex''
-**[[1k3t]] - TcGAPDH + inhibitor<br />
-**[[3hja]] - GAPDH + NAD – ''Borellia burgdorferi''<br />
-**[[1vsv]], [[3cps]] - CpGAPDH + NAD<br />
-**[[2vyn]], [[2vyv]] - rGAPDH residues 102-432 + EcGAPDH + NAD<br />
-**[[2b4r]], [[2b4t]] – PfGAPDH (mutant) + NAD<br />
-**[[1j0x]] – GAPDH + NAD – rabbit<br />
-**[[1ihx]] – PvGAPDH + NAD <br />
-**[[1dss]], [[1szj]] - PvGAPDH NAD-binding and catalytic domains+ NAD<br />
-**[[1ihy]] – PvGAPDH + ADP-ribose<br />
-**[[1gyq]], [[1gyp]] - LmGAPDH + NAD derivative – ''Leishmania mexicana''<br />
-**[[1i32]], [[1i33]] – LmGAPDH + inhibitor<br />
-**[[1a7k]] – LmGAPDH + NAD<br />
-**[[1cer]], [[2g82]] - GAPDH + NAD – ''Thermus aquaticus''<br />
-**[[1gd1]] - GsGAPDH + NAD<br />
-**[[1npt]], [[1nq5]], [[1dbv]], [[2dbv]], [[3dbv]], [[4dbv]] - GsGAPDH (mutant) + NAD<br />
-**[[3e5r]] – OsGAPDH + NAD <br />
-**[[3k73]], [[3lvf]] – SaGAPDH + NAD<br />
-**[[3lc2]] - SaGAPDH + G3P<br />
-**[[3k9q]], [[3ksd]], [[3lc1]], [[3hq4]] - SaGAPDH (mutant) + NAD<br />
-**[[3gpd]], [[2u8f]], [[1znq]] – hGAPDH + NAD<br />
-**[[1gad]], [[1dc6]] - EcGAPDH + NAD<br />
-**[[1gae]] - EcGAPDH (mutant) + NAD<br />
-**[[1dc4]] – EcGAPDH + G3P<br />
-*''GAPDH ternary complex''
-**[[3id5]], [[3dmt]], [[1ml3]] – TcGAPDH + NAD + inhibitor <br />
-**[[1qxs]] - TcGAPDH + NAD + G3P analog<br />
-**[[3cif]] - CpGAPDH + NAD + G3P<br />
-**[[1nqa]], [[1nqo]] - GsGAPDH (mutant) + NAD + G3P<br />
-**[[3ksz]], [[3kv3]], [[3l4s]] - SaGAPDH (mutant) + NAD + G3P<br />
-*NADP-dependent GAPDH with cofactor NADP
-**[[2dbv]], [[4dbv]] - GsGAPDH (mutant) + NADP<br />
-**[[2yyy]] - MjGAPDH + NADP<br />
-**[[2euh]] - SmGAPDH + NADP<br />
-**[[2id2]] - SmGAPDH (mutant) + NADP<br />
-**[[1cf2]] - GAPDH + NADP – ''Methanothermus fervidus''<br />
-**[[1jn0]], [[1rm4]], [[2pkq]], [[2pkr]] - sGAPDH  + NADP<br />
-**[[1rm3]], [[1rm5]] - sGAPDH (mutant) + NADP<br />
-**[[1ky8]] - TtGAPDH + NADP – ''Thermoproteus tenax''<br />
-**[[3rhh]] - BhGAPDH + NADP<br />
-*''NADP-dependent GAPDH ternary complexes containing glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)"
-**[[1qi1]] - SmGAPDH + NADP + G3P<br />
-**[[2esd]], [[2qe0]] - SmGAPDH (mutant) + NADP + G3P<br />
-**[[3lc2]] – SaGAPDH-thioacyl + G3P<br />
-**[[1uxu]] - TtGAPDH (mutant) + NADP + AMP + G3P<br />
-*''Other NADP-dependent GAPDH ternary complexes''
-**[[1k3t]] - TcGAPDH  + coumarin derivative <br />
-**[[1uxv]] - TtGAPDH + NADP + AMP<br />
-**[[1uxp]] - TtGAPDH (mutant) + NADP + ADP<br />
-**[[1uxq]] - TtGAPDH (mutant) + NADP + G1P<br />
-**[[1uxr]] - TtGAPDH (mutant) + NADP + F6P
-*Uncharacterized ALDH
-**[[3k9d]] – ALDH – ''Listeria monocytogenes''<br />
-**[[4dng]] – ALDH – ''Bacillus subtilis''<br />
-**[[3my7]] – ALDH – ''Vibrio parahaemolyticus''<br />
-**[[4qyj]] - PpALDH<br />
-**[[5mz5]] – PhpALDH 21 – ''Physcomitrella patens''<br />
-**[[5mz8]] – PhpALDH 21 + succinate<br />
-**[[5n5s]] – PhpALDH 21 + NADP<br />
-**[[6mvr]] – LoALDH 16 - ''Loktanella''<br />
-**[[6mvu]] – LoALDH 16 (mutant)<br />
-**[[6mvs]], [[6mvt]] – LoALDH 16 + NAD<br />
-*Antiquitin
-**[[2jg7]] – Antiquitin – ''Acanthopagrus schlegeli''
-}}
 ==References==
 {{reflist}}
 [[Category:Topic Page]]