5iy6

Structural highlights

Disease

[TCEA1_HUMAN] Note=A chromosomal aberration involving TCEA1 may be a cause of salivary gland pleiomorphic adenomas (PA) [181030]. Pleiomorphic adenomas are the most common benign epithelial tumors of the salivary gland. Translocation t(3;8)(p21;q12) with PLAG1. [ERCC3_HUMAN] IBIDS syndrome;Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group B;PIBIDS syndrome;Xeroderma pigmentosum/Cockayne syndrome complex. Defects in ERCC3 are the cause of xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group B (XP-B) [MIM:610651]; also known as xeroderma pigmentosum II (XP2) or XP group B (XPB) or xeroderma pigmentosum group B combined with Cockayne syndrome (XP-B/CS). Xeroderma pigmentosum is an autosomal recessive pigmentary skin disorder characterized by solar hypersensitivity of the skin, high predisposition for developing cancers on areas exposed to sunlight and, in some cases, neurological abnormalities. Some XP-B patients present features of Cockayne syndrome, including dwarfism, sensorineural deafness, microcephaly, mental retardation, pigmentary retinopathy, ataxia, decreased nerve conduction velocities.^{[1] [2]} Defects in ERCC3 are a cause of trichothiodystrophy photosensitive (TTDP) [MIM:601675]. TTDP is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by sulfur-deficient brittle hair and nails, ichthyosis, mental retardation, impaired sexual development, abnormal facies and cutaneous photosensitivity correlated with a nucleotide excision repair (NER) defect. Neonates with trichothiodystrophy and ichthyosis are usually born with a collodion membrane. The severity of the ichthyosis after the membrane is shed is variable, ranging from a mild to severe lamellar ichthyotic phenotype. There are no reports of skin cancer associated with TTDP.^[3] [ERCC2_HUMAN] Trichothiodystrophy;COFS syndrome;Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group D. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry. [TBP_HUMAN] Defects in TBP are the cause of spinocerebellar ataxia type 17 (SCA17) [MIM:607136]. Spinocerebellar ataxia is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of cerebellar disorders. Patients show progressive incoordination of gait and often poor coordination of hands, speech and eye movements, due to degeneration of the cerebellum with variable involvement of the brainstem and spinal cord. SCA17 is an autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA) characterized by widespread cerebral and cerebellar atrophy, dementia and extrapyramidal signs. The molecular defect in SCA17 is the expansion of a CAG repeat in the coding region of TBP. Longer expansions result in earlier onset and more severe clinical manifestations of the disease.^{[4] [5] [6]} [TF2H5_HUMAN] Defects in GTF2H5 are a cause of trichothiodystrophy photosensitive (TTDP) [MIM:601675]. TTDP is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by sulfur-deficient brittle hair and nails, ichthyosis, mental retardation, impaired sexual development, abnormal facies and cutaneous photosensitivity correlated with a nucleotide excision repair (NER) defect. Neonates with trichothiodystrophy and ichthyosis are usually born with a collodion membrane. The severity of the ichthyosis after the membrane is shed is variable, ranging from a mild to severe lamellar ichthyotic phenotype. There are no reports of skin cancer associated with TTDP.

Function

[RPB11_HUMAN] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB11 is part of the core element with the central large cleft (By similarity).^[7] [TCEA1_HUMAN] Necessary for efficient RNA polymerase II transcription elongation past template-encoded arresting sites. The arresting sites in DNA have the property of trapping a certain fraction of elongating RNA polymerases that pass through, resulting in locked ternary complexes. Cleavage of the nascent transcript by S-II allows the resumption of elongation from the new 3'-terminus. [RPB7_HUMAN] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB7 is part of a subcomplex with RPB4 that binds to a pocket formed by RPB1, RPB2 and RPB6 at the base of the clamp element. The RBP4-RPB7 subcomplex seems to lock the clamp via RPB7 in the closed conformation thus preventing double stranded DNA to enter the active site cleft. The RPB4-RPB7 subcomplex binds single-stranded DNA and RNA (By similarity). Binds RNA.^[8] [TF2H4_HUMAN] Component of the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER) of DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. [T2EA_HUMAN] Recruits TFIIH to the initiation complex and stimulates the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain kinase and DNA-dependent ATPase activities of TFIIH. Both TFIIH and TFIIE are required for promoter clearance by RNA polymerase. [RPB2_HUMAN] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Second largest component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Proposed to contribute to the polymerase catalytic activity and forms the polymerase active center together with the largest subunit. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB2 is part of the core element with the central large cleft, the clamp element that moves to open and close the cleft and the jaws that are thought to grab the incoming DNA template (By similarity).^[9] [ERCC3_HUMAN] ATP-dependent 3'-5' DNA helicase, component of the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor, involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER) of DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. Acts by opening DNA either around the RNA transcription start site or the DNA damage.^[10] [RPB1_HUMAN] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Largest and catalytic component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Forms the polymerase active center together with the second largest subunit. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB1 is part of the core element with the central large cleft, the clamp element that moves to open and close the cleft and the jaws that are thought to grab the incoming DNA template. At the start of transcription, a single stranded DNA template strand of the promoter is positioned within the central active site cleft of Pol II. A bridging helix emanates from RPB1 and crosses the cleft near the catalytic site and is thought to promote translocation of Pol II by acting as a ratchet that moves the RNA-DNA hybrid through the active site by switching from straight to bent conformations at each step of nucleotide addition. During transcription elongation, Pol II moves on the template as the transcript elongates. Elongation is influenced by the phosphorylation status of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of Pol II largest subunit (RPB1), which serves as a platform for assembly of factors that regulate transcription initiation, elongation, termination and mRNA processing. Acts as a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase when associated with small delta antigen of Hepatitis delta virus, acting both as a replicate and transcriptase for the viral RNA circular genome.^{[11] [12]} [T2EB_HUMAN] Recruits TFIIH to the initiation complex and stimulates the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain kinase and DNA-dependent ATPase activities of TFIIH. Both TFIIH and TFIIE are required for promoter clearance by RNA polymerase. [ERCC2_HUMAN] ATP-dependent 5'-3' DNA helicase, component of the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor. Involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER) of DNA by opening DNA around the damage, and in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II by anchoring the CDK-activating kinase (CAK) complex, composed of CDK7, cyclin H and MAT1, to the core-TFIIH complex. Involved in the regulation of vitamin-D receptor activity. As part of the mitotic spindle-associated MMXD complex it plays a role in chromosome segregation. Might have a role in aging process and could play a causative role in the generation of skin cancers.^{[13] [14] [15] [16]} [TBP_HUMAN] General transcription factor that functions at the core of the DNA-binding multiprotein factor TFIID. Binding of TFIID to the TATA box is the initial transcriptional step of the pre-initiation complex (PIC), playing a role in the activation of eukaryotic genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II. Component of the transcription factor SL1/TIF-IB complex, which is involved in the assembly of the PIC (preinitiation complex) during RNA polymerase I-dependent transcription. The rate of PIC formation probably is primarily dependent on the rate of association of SL1 with the rDNA promoter. SL1 is involved in stabilization of nucleolar transcription factor 1/UBTF on rDNA.^[17] [TF2B_HUMAN] General factor that plays a major role in the activation of eukaryotic genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II. [TF2H3_HUMAN] Component of the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER) of DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. Anchors XPB. [TF2H5_HUMAN] Component of the TFIIH basal transcription factor involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER) of DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. Necessary for the stability of the TFIIH complex and for the presence of normal levels of TFIIH in the cell.^[18] [RPAB2_HUMAN] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II, and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Pols are composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. In Pol II, POLR2F/RPB6 is part of the clamp element and togther with parts of RPB1 and RPB2 forms a pocket to which the RPB4-RPB7 subcomplex binds (By similarity).^[19] [RPB3_HUMAN] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB3 is part of the core element with the central large cleft and the clamp element that moves to open and close the cleft (By similarity).^[20] [RPB9_HUMAN] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB9 is part of the upper jaw surrounding the central large cleft and thought to grab the incoming DNA template (By similarity).^[21] [RPAB4_HUMAN] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and a small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively. [T2FB_HUMAN] TFIIF is a general transcription initiation factor that binds to RNA polymerase II and helps to recruit it to the initiation complex in collaboration with TFIIB. It promotes transcription elongation. This subunit shows ATP-dependent DNA-helicase activity.^[22] [TF2AA_HUMAN] TFIIA is a component of the transcription machinery of RNA polymerase II and plays an important role in transcriptional activation. TFIIA in a complex with TBP mediates transcriptional activity.^{[23] [24]} [T2AG_HUMAN] TFIIA is a component of the transcription machinery of RNA polymerase II and plays an important role in transcriptional activation. TFIIA in a complex with TBP mediates transcriptional activity.^[25] [RPAB3_HUMAN] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively.^[26] [RPB4_HUMAN] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB4 is part of a subcomplex with RPB7 that binds to a pocket formed by RPB1, RPB2 and RPB6 at the base of the clamp element. The RBP4-RPB7 subcomplex seems to lock the clamp via RPB7 in the closed conformation thus preventing double-stranded DNA to enter the active site cleft. The RPB4-RPB7 subcomplex binds single-stranded DNA and RNA (By similarity).^[27] [TF2H2_HUMAN] Component of the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER) of DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. The N-terminus interacts with and regulates XPD whereas an intact C-terminus is required for a successful escape of RNAP II form the promoter. [T2FA_HUMAN] TFIIF is a general transcription initiation factor that binds to RNA polymerase II and helps to recruit it to the initiation complex in collaboration with TFIIB. It promotes transcription elongation.^[28] [RPAB5_HUMAN] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and a small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Pols are composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. In Pol II, POLR2L/RBP10 is part of the core element with the central large cleft (By similarity).^[29] [RPAB1_HUMAN] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Pols are composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. In Pol II, POLR2E/RPB5 is part of the lower jaw surrounding the central large cleft and thought to grab the incoming DNA template. Seems to be the major component in this process (By similarity).^[30]

See Also

• RNA polymerase
• TATA-Binding Protein
• Transcription initiation factor

References

1. ↑ Vermeulen W, Scott RJ, Rodgers S, Muller HJ, Cole J, Arlett CF, Kleijer WJ, Bootsma D, Hoeijmakers JH, Weeda G. Clinical heterogeneity within xeroderma pigmentosum associated with mutations in the DNA repair and transcription gene ERCC3. Am J Hum Genet. 1994 Feb;54(2):191-200. PMID:8304337
2. ↑ Oh KS, Khan SG, Jaspers NG, Raams A, Ueda T, Lehmann A, Friedmann PS, Emmert S, Gratchev A, Lachlan K, Lucassan A, Baker CC, Kraemer KH. Phenotypic heterogeneity in the XPB DNA helicase gene (ERCC3): xeroderma pigmentosum without and with Cockayne syndrome. Hum Mutat. 2006 Nov;27(11):1092-103. PMID:16947863 doi:10.1002/humu.20392
3. ↑ Weeda G, Eveno E, Donker I, Vermeulen W, Chevallier-Lagente O, Taieb A, Stary A, Hoeijmakers JH, Mezzina M, Sarasin A. A mutation in the XPB/ERCC3 DNA repair transcription gene, associated with trichothiodystrophy. Am J Hum Genet. 1997 Feb;60(2):320-9. PMID:9012405
4. ↑ Zuhlke C, Hellenbroich Y, Dalski A, Kononowa N, Hagenah J, Vieregge P, Riess O, Klein C, Schwinger E. Different types of repeat expansion in the TATA-binding protein gene are associated with a new form of inherited ataxia. Eur J Hum Genet. 2001 Mar;9(3):160-4. PMID:11313753 doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200617
5. ↑ Nakamura K, Jeong SY, Uchihara T, Anno M, Nagashima K, Nagashima T, Ikeda S, Tsuji S, Kanazawa I. SCA17, a novel autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia caused by an expanded polyglutamine in TATA-binding protein. Hum Mol Genet. 2001 Jul 1;10(14):1441-8. PMID:11448935
6. ↑ Silveira I, Miranda C, Guimaraes L, Moreira MC, Alonso I, Mendonca P, Ferro A, Pinto-Basto J, Coelho J, Ferreirinha F, Poirier J, Parreira E, Vale J, Januario C, Barbot C, Tuna A, Barros J, Koide R, Tsuji S, Holmes SE, Margolis RL, Jardim L, Pandolfo M, Coutinho P, Sequeiros J. Trinucleotide repeats in 202 families with ataxia: a small expanded (CAG)n allele at the SCA17 locus. Arch Neurol. 2002 Apr;59(4):623-9. PMID:11939898
7. ↑ Kershnar E, Wu SY, Chiang CM. Immunoaffinity purification and functional characterization of human transcription factor IIH and RNA polymerase II from clonal cell lines that conditionally express epitope-tagged subunits of the multiprotein complexes. J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec 18;273(51):34444-53. PMID:9852112
8. ↑ Kershnar E, Wu SY, Chiang CM. Immunoaffinity purification and functional characterization of human transcription factor IIH and RNA polymerase II from clonal cell lines that conditionally express epitope-tagged subunits of the multiprotein complexes. J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec 18;273(51):34444-53. PMID:9852112
9. ↑ Kershnar E, Wu SY, Chiang CM. Immunoaffinity purification and functional characterization of human transcription factor IIH and RNA polymerase II from clonal cell lines that conditionally express epitope-tagged subunits of the multiprotein complexes. J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec 18;273(51):34444-53. PMID:9852112
10. ↑ Tirode F, Busso D, Coin F, Egly JM. Reconstitution of the transcription factor TFIIH: assignment of functions for the three enzymatic subunits, XPB, XPD, and cdk7. Mol Cell. 1999 Jan;3(1):87-95. PMID:10024882
11. ↑ Kershnar E, Wu SY, Chiang CM. Immunoaffinity purification and functional characterization of human transcription factor IIH and RNA polymerase II from clonal cell lines that conditionally express epitope-tagged subunits of the multiprotein complexes. J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec 18;273(51):34444-53. PMID:9852112
12. ↑ Chang J, Nie X, Chang HE, Han Z, Taylor J. Transcription of hepatitis delta virus RNA by RNA polymerase II. J Virol. 2008 Feb;82(3):1118-27. Epub 2007 Nov 21. PMID:18032511 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01758-07
13. ↑ Tirode F, Busso D, Coin F, Egly JM. Reconstitution of the transcription factor TFIIH: assignment of functions for the three enzymatic subunits, XPB, XPD, and cdk7. Mol Cell. 1999 Jan;3(1):87-95. PMID:10024882
14. ↑ Drane P, Compe E, Catez P, Chymkowitch P, Egly JM. Selective regulation of vitamin D receptor-responsive genes by TFIIH. Mol Cell. 2004 Oct 22;16(2):187-97. PMID:15494306 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2004.10.007
15. ↑ Ito S, Tan LJ, Andoh D, Narita T, Seki M, Hirano Y, Narita K, Kuraoka I, Hiraoka Y, Tanaka K. MMXD, a TFIIH-independent XPD-MMS19 protein complex involved in chromosome segregation. Mol Cell. 2010 Aug 27;39(4):632-40. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.07.029. PMID:20797633 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2010.07.029
16. ↑ Sung P, Bailly V, Weber C, Thompson LH, Prakash L, Prakash S. Human xeroderma pigmentosum group D gene encodes a DNA helicase. Nature. 1993 Oct 28;365(6449):852-5. PMID:8413672 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/365852a0
17. ↑ Friedrich JK, Panov KI, Cabart P, Russell J, Zomerdijk JC. TBP-TAF complex SL1 directs RNA polymerase I pre-initiation complex formation and stabilizes upstream binding factor at the rDNA promoter. J Biol Chem. 2005 Aug 19;280(33):29551-8. Epub 2005 Jun 21. PMID:15970593 doi:10.1074/jbc.M501595200
18. ↑ Giglia-Mari G, Coin F, Ranish JA, Hoogstraten D, Theil A, Wijgers N, Jaspers NG, Raams A, Argentini M, van der Spek PJ, Botta E, Stefanini M, Egly JM, Aebersold R, Hoeijmakers JH, Vermeulen W. A new, tenth subunit of TFIIH is responsible for the DNA repair syndrome trichothiodystrophy group A. Nat Genet. 2004 Jul;36(7):714-9. Epub 2004 Jun 27. PMID:15220921 doi:10.1038/ng1387
19. ↑ Kershnar E, Wu SY, Chiang CM. Immunoaffinity purification and functional characterization of human transcription factor IIH and RNA polymerase II from clonal cell lines that conditionally express epitope-tagged subunits of the multiprotein complexes. J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec 18;273(51):34444-53. PMID:9852112
20. ↑ Kershnar E, Wu SY, Chiang CM. Immunoaffinity purification and functional characterization of human transcription factor IIH and RNA polymerase II from clonal cell lines that conditionally express epitope-tagged subunits of the multiprotein complexes. J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec 18;273(51):34444-53. PMID:9852112
21. ↑ Kershnar E, Wu SY, Chiang CM. Immunoaffinity purification and functional characterization of human transcription factor IIH and RNA polymerase II from clonal cell lines that conditionally express epitope-tagged subunits of the multiprotein complexes. J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec 18;273(51):34444-53. PMID:9852112
22. ↑ Sopta M, Burton ZF, Greenblatt J. Structure and associated DNA-helicase activity of a general transcription initiation factor that binds to RNA polymerase II. Nature. 1989 Oct 5;341(6241):410-4. PMID:2477704 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/341410a0
23. ↑ Mitsiou DJ, Stunnenberg HG. TAC, a TBP-sans-TAFs complex containing the unprocessed TFIIAalphabeta precursor and the TFIIAgamma subunit. Mol Cell. 2000 Sep;6(3):527-37. PMID:11030333
24. ↑ Zhou H, Spicuglia S, Hsieh JJ, Mitsiou DJ, Hoiby T, Veenstra GJ, Korsmeyer SJ, Stunnenberg HG. Uncleaved TFIIA is a substrate for taspase 1 and active in transcription. Mol Cell Biol. 2006 Apr;26(7):2728-35. PMID:16537915 doi:26/7/2728
25. ↑ Mitsiou DJ, Stunnenberg HG. TAC, a TBP-sans-TAFs complex containing the unprocessed TFIIAalphabeta precursor and the TFIIAgamma subunit. Mol Cell. 2000 Sep;6(3):527-37. PMID:11030333
26. ↑ Kershnar E, Wu SY, Chiang CM. Immunoaffinity purification and functional characterization of human transcription factor IIH and RNA polymerase II from clonal cell lines that conditionally express epitope-tagged subunits of the multiprotein complexes. J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec 18;273(51):34444-53. PMID:9852112
27. ↑ Kershnar E, Wu SY, Chiang CM. Immunoaffinity purification and functional characterization of human transcription factor IIH and RNA polymerase II from clonal cell lines that conditionally express epitope-tagged subunits of the multiprotein complexes. J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec 18;273(51):34444-53. PMID:9852112
28. ↑ Rossignol M, Keriel A, Staub A, Egly JM. Kinase activity and phosphorylation of the largest subunit of TFIIF transcription factor. J Biol Chem. 1999 Aug 6;274(32):22387-92. PMID:10428810
29. ↑ Kershnar E, Wu SY, Chiang CM. Immunoaffinity purification and functional characterization of human transcription factor IIH and RNA polymerase II from clonal cell lines that conditionally express epitope-tagged subunits of the multiprotein complexes. J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec 18;273(51):34444-53. PMID:9852112
30. ↑ Kershnar E, Wu SY, Chiang CM. Immunoaffinity purification and functional characterization of human transcription factor IIH and RNA polymerase II from clonal cell lines that conditionally express epitope-tagged subunits of the multiprotein complexes. J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec 18;273(51):34444-53. PMID:9852112
31. ↑ He Y, Yan C, Fang J, Inouye C, Tjian R, Ivanov I, Nogales E. Near-atomic resolution visualization of human transcription promoter opening. Nature. 2016 May 11;533(7603):359-65. doi: 10.1038/nature17970. PMID:27193682 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature17970