| Structural highlights
Function
[RPB9_YEAST] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB9 is part of the upper jaw surrounding the central large cleft and thought to grab the incoming DNA template. Involved in the regulation of transcription elongation. Involved in DNA repair of damage in the transcribed strand. Mediates a transcription-coupled repair (TCR) subpathway of nucleotide excision repair (NER).[1] [T2EB_YEAST] Recruits TFIIH to the initiation complex and stimulates the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain kinase and DNA-dependent ATPase activities of TFIIH. Both TFIIH and TFIIE are required for promoter clearance by RNA polymerase (By similarity). [RPAB1_YEAST] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Pols are composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. In Pol II, RPB5 is part of the lower jaw surrounding the central large cleft and thought to grab the incoming DNA template. Seems to be the major component in this process (By similarity). [TFB5_YEAST] Acts as component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core, which is essential for both basal and activated transcription, and is involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA. TFIIH has CTD kinase and DNA-dependent ATPase activity, and is essential for polymerase II transcription in vitro. TFB5 is required for stable recruitment of TFIIH to a promoter, but not for stability of TFIIH subunits.[2] [3] [T2AG_YEAST] TFIIA is a component of the transcription machinery of RNA polymerase II and plays an important role in transcriptional activation. TFIIA in a complex with TBP mediates transcriptional activity.[4] [TFS2_YEAST] Necessary for efficient RNA polymerase II transcription elongation past template-encoded arresting sites. The arresting sites in DNA have the property of trapping a certain fraction of elongating RNA polymerases that pass through, resulting in locked ternary complexes. Cleavage of the nascent transcript by S-II allows the resumption of elongation from the new 3'-terminus. Can promote the transfer of one strand of a double-stranded DNA molecule to a homologous single strand and thus may be involved in recombination. [RAD25_YEAST] Probably an ATP-dependent DNA helicase, which may have a DNA unwinding function. Has an essential function in translation initiation. Acts as component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core, which is essential for both basal and activated transcription, and is involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA. TFIIH has CTD kinase and DNA-dependent ATPase activity, and is essential for polymerase II transcription in vitro.[5] [6] [TF2B_YEAST] General factor that plays a major role in the activation of eukaryotic genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II. [RPB11_YEAST] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB11 is part of the core element with the central large cleft. Seems to be involved transcript termination. [RAD3_YEAST] ATP-dependent DNA helicase involved in excision repair of DNA damaged with UV light, bulky adducts, or cross-linking agents. Necessary for excision of pyrimidine dimers. Also unwinds DNA/RNA duplexes. Plays an essential role in the cell viability. Involved in the maintenance of the fidelity of DNA replication. Acts as component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core, which is essential for both basal and activated transcription, and is involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA. TFIIH has CTD kinase and DNA-dependent ATPase activity, and is essential for polymerase II transcription in vitro.[7] [8] [TFB2_YEAST] Acts as component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core, which is essential for both basal and activated transcription, and is involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA. TFIIH has CTD kinase and DNA-dependent ATPase activity, and is essential for polymerase II transcription in vitro.[9] [10] [11] [RPB1_YEAST] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Largest and catalytic component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Forms the polymerase active center together with the second largest subunit. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. During a transcription cycle, Pol II, general transcription factors and the Mediator complex assemble as the preinitiation complex (PIC) at the promoter. 11-15 base pairs of DNA surrounding the transcription start site are melted and the single stranded DNA template strand of the promoter is positioned deeply within the central active site cleft of Pol II to form the open complex. After synthesis of about 30 bases of RNA, Pol II releases its contacts with the core promoter and the rest of the transcription machinery (promoter clearance) and enters the stage of transcription elongation in which it moves on the template as the transcript elongates. Pol II appears to oscillate between inactive and active conformations at each step of nucleotide addition. Elongation is influenced by the phosphorylation status of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of Pol II largest subunit (RPB1), which serves as a platform for assembly of factors that regulate transcription initiation, elongation, termination and mRNA processing. Pol II is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. The core element with the central large cleft comprises RPB3, RBP10, RPB11, RPB12 and regions of RPB1 and RPB2 forming the active center. The clamp element (portions of RPB1, RPB2 and RPB3) is connected to the core through a set of flexible switches and moves to open and close the cleft. A bridging helix emanates from RPB1 and crosses the cleft near the catalytic site and is thought to promote translocation of Pol II by acting as a ratchet that moves the RNA-DNA hybrid through the active site by switching from straight to bent conformations at each step of nucleotide addition. In elongating Pol II, the lid loop (RPB1) appears to act as a wedge to drive apart the DNA and RNA strands at the upstream end of the transcription bubble and guide the RNA strand toward the RNA exit groove located near the base of the largely unstructured CTD domain of RPB1. The rudder loop (RPB1) interacts with single stranded DNA after separation from the RNA strand, likely preventing reassociation with the exiting RNA. The cleft is surrounded by jaws: an upper jaw formed by portions of RBP1, RPB2 and RPB9, and a lower jaw, formed by RPB5 and portions of RBP1. The jaws are thought to grab the incoming DNA template, mainly by RPB5 direct contacts to DNA. [RPB7_YEAST] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB7 is part of a subcomplex with RPB4 that binds to a pocket formed by RPB1, RPB2 and RPB6 at the base of the clamp element. The RBP4-RPB7 subcomplex seems to lock the clamp via RPB7 in the closed conformation thus preventing double stranded DNA to enter the active site cleft. The RPB4-RPB7 subcomplex binds single-stranded DNA and RNA. The RPB4-RPB7 subcomplex recruits FCP1 to Pol II.[12] [13] [14] [RPAB5_YEAST] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and a small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Pols are composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. In Pol II, RBP10 is part of the core element with the central large cleft. [T2EA_YEAST] Recruits TFIIH to the initiation complex and stimulates the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain kinase and DNA-dependent ATPase activities of TFIIH. Both TFIIH and TFIIE are required for promoter clearance by RNA polymerase (By similarity). [RPAB4_YEAST] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and a small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively. Pols are composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. In Pol II, the core element with the central large cleft comprises RPB3, RBP10, RPB11, RPB12 and regions of RPB1 and RPB2 forming the active center. [RPAB2_YEAST] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Pols are composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. In Pol II, RPB6 is part of the clamp element and togther with parts of RPB1 and RPB2 forms a pocket to which the RPB4-RPB7 subcomplex binds (By similarity). [RPB2_YEAST] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Second largest component of RNA polymerases II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Proposed to contribute to the polymerase catalytic activity and forms the polymerase active center together with the largest subunit. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. During a transcription cycle, Pol II, general transcription factors and the Mediator complex assemble as the preinitiation complex (PIC) at the promoter. 11-15 base pairs of DNA surrounding the transcription start site are melted and the single stranded DNA template strand of the promoter is positioned deeply within the central active site cleft of Pol II to form the open complex. After synthesis of about 30 bases of RNA, Pol II releases its contacts with the core promoter and the rest of the transcription machinery (promoter clearance) and enters the stage of transcription elongation in which it moves on the template as the transcript elongates. Pol II appears to oscillate between inactive and active conformations at each step of nucleotide addition. Pol II is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. The core element with the central large cleft comprises RPB3, RBP10, RPB11, RPB12 and regions of RPB1 and RPB2 forming the active center. The clamp element (portions of RPB1, RPB2 and RPB3) is connected to the core through a set of flexible switches and moves to open and close the cleft. The cleft is surrounded by jaws: an upper jaw formed by portions of RBP1, RPB2 and RPB9, and a lower jaw. The jaws are thought to grab the incoming DNA template. The fork loop 1 (RPB2) interacts with the RNA-DNA hybrid, possibly stabilizing it. [T2FB_YEAST] TFIIF is a general transcription initiation factor that binds to RNA polymerase II. Its functions include the recruitment of RNA polymerase II to the promoter bound DNA-TBP-TFIIB complex, decreasing the affinity of RNA polymerase II for non-specific DNA, allowing for the subsequent recruitment of TFIIE and TFIIH, and facilitating RNA polymerase II elongation. TFG2 shows ATP-dependent DNA-helicase activity (By similarity). [TBP_YEAST] General transcription factor that functions at the core of the DNA-binding general transcription factor complex TFIID. Binding of TFIID to a promoter (with or without TATA element) is the initial step in preinitiation complex (PIC) formation. TFIID plays a key role in the regulation of gene expression by RNA polymerase II through different activities such as transcription activator interaction, core promoter recognition and selectivity, TFIIA and TFIIB interaction, chromatin modification (histone acetylation by TAF1), facilitation of DNA opening and initiation of transcription.[15] [16] [17] [RPAB3_YEAST] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively. [RPB3_YEAST] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB3 is part of the core element with the central large cleft and the clamp element that moves to open and close the cleft. Seems to be involved in transcription termination.
Publication Abstract from PubMed
The structure of a 33-protein, 1.5-MDa RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (PIC) was determined by cryo-EM and image processing at a resolution of 6-11 A. Atomic structures of over 50% of the mass were fitted into the electron density map in a manner consistent with protein-protein cross-links previously identified by mass spectrometry. The resulting model of the PIC confirmed the main conclusions from previous cryo-EM at lower resolution, including the association of promoter DNA only with general transcription factors and not with the polymerase. Electron density due to DNA was identifiable by the grooves of the double helix and exhibited sharp bends at points downstream of the TATA box, with an important consequence: The DNA at the downstream end coincides with the DNA in a transcribing polymerase. The structure of the PIC is therefore conducive to promoter melting, start-site scanning, and the initiation of transcription.
Structure of an RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex.,Murakami K, Tsai KL, Kalisman N, Bushnell DA, Asturias FJ, Kornberg RD Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Nov 3;112(44):13543-8. doi:, 10.1073/pnas.1518255112. Epub 2015 Oct 19. PMID:26483468[18]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
See Also
References
- ↑ Li S, Smerdon MJ. Rpb4 and Rpb9 mediate subpathways of transcription-coupled DNA repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J. 2002 Nov 1;21(21):5921-9. PMID:12411509
- ↑ Svejstrup JQ, Feaver WJ, LaPointe J, Kornberg RD. RNA polymerase transcription factor IIH holoenzyme from yeast. J Biol Chem. 1994 Nov 11;269(45):28044-8. PMID:7961739
- ↑ Sung P, Guzder SN, Prakash L, Prakash S. Reconstitution of TFIIH and requirement of its DNA helicase subunits, Rad3 and Rad25, in the incision step of nucleotide excision repair. J Biol Chem. 1996 May 3;271(18):10821-6. PMID:8631896
- ↑ Ranish JA, Hahn S. The yeast general transcription factor TFIIA is composed of two polypeptide subunits. J Biol Chem. 1991 Oct 15;266(29):19320-7. PMID:1918049
- ↑ Svejstrup JQ, Feaver WJ, LaPointe J, Kornberg RD. RNA polymerase transcription factor IIH holoenzyme from yeast. J Biol Chem. 1994 Nov 11;269(45):28044-8. PMID:7961739
- ↑ Sung P, Guzder SN, Prakash L, Prakash S. Reconstitution of TFIIH and requirement of its DNA helicase subunits, Rad3 and Rad25, in the incision step of nucleotide excision repair. J Biol Chem. 1996 May 3;271(18):10821-6. PMID:8631896
- ↑ Svejstrup JQ, Feaver WJ, LaPointe J, Kornberg RD. RNA polymerase transcription factor IIH holoenzyme from yeast. J Biol Chem. 1994 Nov 11;269(45):28044-8. PMID:7961739
- ↑ Sung P, Guzder SN, Prakash L, Prakash S. Reconstitution of TFIIH and requirement of its DNA helicase subunits, Rad3 and Rad25, in the incision step of nucleotide excision repair. J Biol Chem. 1996 May 3;271(18):10821-6. PMID:8631896
- ↑ Feaver WJ, Henry NL, Wang Z, Wu X, Svejstrup JQ, Bushnell DA, Friedberg EC, Kornberg RD. Genes for Tfb2, Tfb3, and Tfb4 subunits of yeast transcription/repair factor IIH. Homology to human cyclin-dependent kinase activating kinase and IIH subunits. J Biol Chem. 1997 Aug 1;272(31):19319-27. PMID:9235928
- ↑ Svejstrup JQ, Feaver WJ, LaPointe J, Kornberg RD. RNA polymerase transcription factor IIH holoenzyme from yeast. J Biol Chem. 1994 Nov 11;269(45):28044-8. PMID:7961739
- ↑ Sung P, Guzder SN, Prakash L, Prakash S. Reconstitution of TFIIH and requirement of its DNA helicase subunits, Rad3 and Rad25, in the incision step of nucleotide excision repair. J Biol Chem. 1996 May 3;271(18):10821-6. PMID:8631896
- ↑ Orlicky SM, Tran PT, Sayre MH, Edwards AM. Dissociable Rpb4-Rpb7 subassembly of rna polymerase II binds to single-strand nucleic acid and mediates a post-recruitment step in transcription initiation. J Biol Chem. 2001 Mar 30;276(13):10097-102. Epub 2000 Nov 21. PMID:11087726 doi:10.1074/jbc.M003165200
- ↑ Kamenski T, Heilmeier S, Meinhart A, Cramer P. Structure and mechanism of RNA polymerase II CTD phosphatases. Mol Cell. 2004 Aug 13;15(3):399-407. PMID:15304220 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2004.06.035
- ↑ Lotan R, Goler-Baron V, Duek L, Haimovich G, Choder M. The Rpb7p subunit of yeast RNA polymerase II plays roles in the two major cytoplasmic mRNA decay mechanisms. J Cell Biol. 2007 Sep 24;178(7):1133-43. Epub 2007 Sep 17. PMID:17875743 doi:10.1083/jcb.200701165
- ↑ Hampsey M. Molecular genetics of the RNA polymerase II general transcriptional machinery. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1998 Jun;62(2):465-503. PMID:9618449
- ↑ Sanders SL, Garbett KA, Weil PA. Molecular characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae TFIID. Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Aug;22(16):6000-13. PMID:12138208
- ↑ Martinez E. Multi-protein complexes in eukaryotic gene transcription. Plant Mol Biol. 2002 Dec;50(6):925-47. PMID:12516863
- ↑ Murakami K, Tsai KL, Kalisman N, Bushnell DA, Asturias FJ, Kornberg RD. Structure of an RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Nov 3;112(44):13543-8. doi:, 10.1073/pnas.1518255112. Epub 2015 Oct 19. PMID:26483468 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518255112
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