| Structural highlights
Function
[POLG_EC01F] Capsid protein VP1: Forms an icosahedral capsid of pseudo T=3 symmetry with capsid proteins VP2 and VP3. The capsid is 300 Angstroms in diameter, composed of 60 copies of each capsid protein and enclosing the viral positive strand RNA genome. Capsid protein VP1 mainly forms the vertices of the capsid. Capsid protein VP1 interacts with host integrin ITGA2/ITGB1 to provide virion attachment to target host cells. This attachment induces virion internalization. Tyrosine kinases are probably involved in the entry process. After binding to its receptor, the capsid undergoes conformational changes. Capsid protein VP1 N-terminus (that contains an amphipathic alpha-helix) and capsid protein VP4 are externalized. Together, they shape a pore in the host membrane through which viral genome is translocated to host cell cytoplasm. After genome has been released, the channel shrinks (By similarity).[1] [2] Capsid protein VP2: Forms an icosahedral capsid of pseudo T=3 symmetry with capsid proteins VP2 and VP3. The capsid is 300 Angstroms in diameter, composed of 60 copies of each capsid protein and enclosing the viral positive strand RNA genome (By similarity).[3] [4] Capsid protein VP3: Forms an icosahedral capsid of pseudo T=3 symmetry with capsid proteins VP2 and VP3. The capsid is 300 Angstroms in diameter, composed of 60 copies of each capsid protein and enclosing the viral positive strand RNA genome (By similarity).[5] [6] Capsid protein VP4: Lies on the inner surface of the capsid shell. After binding to the host receptor, the capsid undergoes conformational changes. Capsid protein VP4 is released, Capsid protein VP1 N-terminus is externalized, and together, they shape a pore in the host membrane through which the viral genome is translocated into the host cell cytoplasm. After genome has been released, the channel shrinks (By similarity).[7] [8] Capsid protein VP0: Component of immature procapsids, which is cleaved into capsid proteins VP4 and VP2 after maturation. Allows the capsid to remain inactive before the maturation step (By similarity).[9] [10] Protein 2A: Cysteine protease that cleaves viral polyprotein and specific host proteins. It is responsible for the cleavage between the P1 and P2 regions, first cleavage occurring in the polyprotein. Cleaves also the host translation initiation factor EIF4G1, in order to shut down the capped cellular mRNA translation. Inhibits the host nucleus-cytoplasm protein and RNA trafficking by cleaving host members of the nuclear pores (By similarity).[11] [12] Protein 2B: Plays an essential role in the virus replication cycle by acting as a viroporin. Creates a pore in the host reticulum endoplasmic and as a consequence releases Ca2+ in the cytoplasm of infected cell. In turn, high levels of cyctoplasmic calcium may trigger membrane trafficking and transport of viral ER-associated proteins to viroplasms, sites of viral genome replication (By similarity).[13] [14] Protein 2C: Induces and associates with structural rearrangements of intracellular membranes. Displays RNA-binding, nucleotide binding and NTPase activities. May play a role in virion morphogenesis and viral RNA encapsidation by interacting with the capsid protein VP3 (By similarity).[15] [16] Protein 3AB: Localizes the viral replication complex to the surface of membranous vesicles. Together with protein 3CD binds the Cis-Active RNA Element (CRE) which is involved in RNA synthesis initiation. Acts as a cofactor to stimulate the activity of 3D polymerase, maybe through a nucleid acid chaperone activity (By similarity).[17] [18] Protein 3A: Localizes the viral replication complex to the surface of membranous vesicles. It inhibits host cell endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi apparatus transport and causes the dissassembly of the Golgi complex, possibly through GBF1 interaction. This would result in depletion of MHC, trail receptors and IFN receptors at the host cell surface (By similarity).[19] [20] Viral protein genome-linked: acts as a primer for viral RNA replication and remains covalently bound to viral genomic RNA. VPg is uridylylated prior to priming replication into VPg-pUpU. The oriI viral genomic sequence may act as a template for this. The VPg-pUpU is then used as primer on the genomic RNA poly(A) by the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to replicate the viral genome. VPg may be removed in the cytoplasm by an unknown enzyme termed "unlinkase". VPg is not cleaved off virion genomes because replicated genomic RNA are encapsidated at the site of replication (By similarity).[21] [22] Protein 3CD: Is involved in the viral replication complex and viral polypeptide maturation. It exhibits protease activity with a specificity and catalytic efficiency that is different from protease 3C. Protein 3CD lacks polymerase activity. The 3C domain in the context of protein 3CD may have an RNA binding activity (By similarity).[23] [24] Protease 3C: cleaves host DDX58/RIG-I and thus contributes to the inhibition of type I interferon production. Cleaves also host PABPC1 (By similarity).[25] [26] RNA-directed RNA polymerase: Replicates the viral genomic RNA on the surface of intracellular membranes. May form linear arrays of subunits that propagate along a strong head-to-tail interaction called interface-I. Covalently attaches UMP to a tyrosine of VPg, which is used to prime RNA synthesis. The positive stranded RNA genome is first replicated at virus induced membranous vesicles, creating a dsRNA genomic replication form. This dsRNA is then used as template to synthesize positive stranded RNA genomes. ss(+)RNA genomes are either translated, replicated or encapsidated (By similarity).[27] [28]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
There is limited information about the molecular triggers leading to the uncoating of enteroviruses in physiological conditions. Using real-time spectroscopy and sucrose gradients with radioactively-labeled virus we show at 37 degrees C, formation of a low amount of albumin-triggered, metastable, uncoating intermediate of echovirus 1 without receptor engagement. This conversion was blocked by saturating the albumin with fatty acids. High potassium but low sodium and calcium concentrations, mimicking the endosomal environment, also induced the formation of a metastable uncoating intermediate of echovirus 1. Together, these factors boosted the formation of the uncoating intermediate and infectivity of this intermediate was retained, as judged by end-point titration. Cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of the virions treated with albumin and high potassium, low sodium and low calcium concentrations resulted in a 3.6 A resolution model revealing a fenestrated capsid showing 4 % expansion and loss of the pocket factor, similarly to altered (A-) particles described for other enteroviruses. The dimer interface between VP2 molecules was opened, the VP1 N-termini disordered and most likely externalised. The RNA was clearly visible, anchored to the capsid. The results presented here suggest that extracellular albumin, partially saturated with fatty acids, likely leads to the formation of the infectious uncoating intermediate prior to the engagement with the cellular receptor. In addition, changes in mono- and divalent cations, likely occurring in endosomes, promote capsid opening and genome release.ImportanceThere is limited information about uncoating of enteroviruses in physiological conditions. Here, we focused on physiologically relevant factors that likely contribute to opening of echovirus 1 and other B-group enteroviruses. By combining biochemical and structural data, we show, that before entering cells, extracellular albumin is capable of priming the virus into a metastable, yet infectious intermediate state. The ionic changes that are suggested to occur in endosomes, can further contribute to uncoating and promote genome release, once the viral particle is endocytosed. Importantly, we provide a detailed high-resolution structure of a virion after treatment with albumin and a preset ion composition, showing pocket factor release, capsid expansion and fenestration, and the clearly visible genome still anchored to the capsid. This study provides valuable information about the physiological factors that contribute to the opening of B-group enteroviruses.
Extracellular albumin and endosomal ions prime enterovirus particles for uncoating that can be prevented by fatty acid saturation.,Ruokolainen V, Domanska A, Laajala M, Pelliccia M, Butcher SJ, Marjomaki V J Virol. 2019 Jun 12. pii: JVI.00599-19. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00599-19. PMID:31189702[29]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
- ↑ Marjomaki V, Pietiainen V, Matilainen H, Upla P, Ivaska J, Nissinen L, Reunanen H, Huttunen P, Hyypia T, Heino J. Internalization of echovirus 1 in caveolae. J Virol. 2002 Feb;76(4):1856-65. PMID:11799180
- ↑ Pietiainen V, Marjomaki V, Upla P, Pelkmans L, Helenius A, Hyypia T. Echovirus 1 endocytosis into caveosomes requires lipid rafts, dynamin II, and signaling events. Mol Biol Cell. 2004 Nov;15(11):4911-25. Epub 2004 Sep 8. PMID:15356270 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E04-01-0070
- ↑ Marjomaki V, Pietiainen V, Matilainen H, Upla P, Ivaska J, Nissinen L, Reunanen H, Huttunen P, Hyypia T, Heino J. Internalization of echovirus 1 in caveolae. J Virol. 2002 Feb;76(4):1856-65. PMID:11799180
- ↑ Pietiainen V, Marjomaki V, Upla P, Pelkmans L, Helenius A, Hyypia T. Echovirus 1 endocytosis into caveosomes requires lipid rafts, dynamin II, and signaling events. Mol Biol Cell. 2004 Nov;15(11):4911-25. Epub 2004 Sep 8. PMID:15356270 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E04-01-0070
- ↑ Marjomaki V, Pietiainen V, Matilainen H, Upla P, Ivaska J, Nissinen L, Reunanen H, Huttunen P, Hyypia T, Heino J. Internalization of echovirus 1 in caveolae. J Virol. 2002 Feb;76(4):1856-65. PMID:11799180
- ↑ Pietiainen V, Marjomaki V, Upla P, Pelkmans L, Helenius A, Hyypia T. Echovirus 1 endocytosis into caveosomes requires lipid rafts, dynamin II, and signaling events. Mol Biol Cell. 2004 Nov;15(11):4911-25. Epub 2004 Sep 8. PMID:15356270 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E04-01-0070
- ↑ Marjomaki V, Pietiainen V, Matilainen H, Upla P, Ivaska J, Nissinen L, Reunanen H, Huttunen P, Hyypia T, Heino J. Internalization of echovirus 1 in caveolae. J Virol. 2002 Feb;76(4):1856-65. PMID:11799180
- ↑ Pietiainen V, Marjomaki V, Upla P, Pelkmans L, Helenius A, Hyypia T. Echovirus 1 endocytosis into caveosomes requires lipid rafts, dynamin II, and signaling events. Mol Biol Cell. 2004 Nov;15(11):4911-25. Epub 2004 Sep 8. PMID:15356270 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E04-01-0070
- ↑ Marjomaki V, Pietiainen V, Matilainen H, Upla P, Ivaska J, Nissinen L, Reunanen H, Huttunen P, Hyypia T, Heino J. Internalization of echovirus 1 in caveolae. J Virol. 2002 Feb;76(4):1856-65. PMID:11799180
- ↑ Pietiainen V, Marjomaki V, Upla P, Pelkmans L, Helenius A, Hyypia T. Echovirus 1 endocytosis into caveosomes requires lipid rafts, dynamin II, and signaling events. Mol Biol Cell. 2004 Nov;15(11):4911-25. Epub 2004 Sep 8. PMID:15356270 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E04-01-0070
- ↑ Marjomaki V, Pietiainen V, Matilainen H, Upla P, Ivaska J, Nissinen L, Reunanen H, Huttunen P, Hyypia T, Heino J. Internalization of echovirus 1 in caveolae. J Virol. 2002 Feb;76(4):1856-65. PMID:11799180
- ↑ Pietiainen V, Marjomaki V, Upla P, Pelkmans L, Helenius A, Hyypia T. Echovirus 1 endocytosis into caveosomes requires lipid rafts, dynamin II, and signaling events. Mol Biol Cell. 2004 Nov;15(11):4911-25. Epub 2004 Sep 8. PMID:15356270 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E04-01-0070
- ↑ Marjomaki V, Pietiainen V, Matilainen H, Upla P, Ivaska J, Nissinen L, Reunanen H, Huttunen P, Hyypia T, Heino J. Internalization of echovirus 1 in caveolae. J Virol. 2002 Feb;76(4):1856-65. PMID:11799180
- ↑ Pietiainen V, Marjomaki V, Upla P, Pelkmans L, Helenius A, Hyypia T. Echovirus 1 endocytosis into caveosomes requires lipid rafts, dynamin II, and signaling events. Mol Biol Cell. 2004 Nov;15(11):4911-25. Epub 2004 Sep 8. PMID:15356270 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E04-01-0070
- ↑ Marjomaki V, Pietiainen V, Matilainen H, Upla P, Ivaska J, Nissinen L, Reunanen H, Huttunen P, Hyypia T, Heino J. Internalization of echovirus 1 in caveolae. J Virol. 2002 Feb;76(4):1856-65. PMID:11799180
- ↑ Pietiainen V, Marjomaki V, Upla P, Pelkmans L, Helenius A, Hyypia T. Echovirus 1 endocytosis into caveosomes requires lipid rafts, dynamin II, and signaling events. Mol Biol Cell. 2004 Nov;15(11):4911-25. Epub 2004 Sep 8. PMID:15356270 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E04-01-0070
- ↑ Marjomaki V, Pietiainen V, Matilainen H, Upla P, Ivaska J, Nissinen L, Reunanen H, Huttunen P, Hyypia T, Heino J. Internalization of echovirus 1 in caveolae. J Virol. 2002 Feb;76(4):1856-65. PMID:11799180
- ↑ Pietiainen V, Marjomaki V, Upla P, Pelkmans L, Helenius A, Hyypia T. Echovirus 1 endocytosis into caveosomes requires lipid rafts, dynamin II, and signaling events. Mol Biol Cell. 2004 Nov;15(11):4911-25. Epub 2004 Sep 8. PMID:15356270 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E04-01-0070
- ↑ Marjomaki V, Pietiainen V, Matilainen H, Upla P, Ivaska J, Nissinen L, Reunanen H, Huttunen P, Hyypia T, Heino J. Internalization of echovirus 1 in caveolae. J Virol. 2002 Feb;76(4):1856-65. PMID:11799180
- ↑ Pietiainen V, Marjomaki V, Upla P, Pelkmans L, Helenius A, Hyypia T. Echovirus 1 endocytosis into caveosomes requires lipid rafts, dynamin II, and signaling events. Mol Biol Cell. 2004 Nov;15(11):4911-25. Epub 2004 Sep 8. PMID:15356270 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E04-01-0070
- ↑ Marjomaki V, Pietiainen V, Matilainen H, Upla P, Ivaska J, Nissinen L, Reunanen H, Huttunen P, Hyypia T, Heino J. Internalization of echovirus 1 in caveolae. J Virol. 2002 Feb;76(4):1856-65. PMID:11799180
- ↑ Pietiainen V, Marjomaki V, Upla P, Pelkmans L, Helenius A, Hyypia T. Echovirus 1 endocytosis into caveosomes requires lipid rafts, dynamin II, and signaling events. Mol Biol Cell. 2004 Nov;15(11):4911-25. Epub 2004 Sep 8. PMID:15356270 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E04-01-0070
- ↑ Marjomaki V, Pietiainen V, Matilainen H, Upla P, Ivaska J, Nissinen L, Reunanen H, Huttunen P, Hyypia T, Heino J. Internalization of echovirus 1 in caveolae. J Virol. 2002 Feb;76(4):1856-65. PMID:11799180
- ↑ Pietiainen V, Marjomaki V, Upla P, Pelkmans L, Helenius A, Hyypia T. Echovirus 1 endocytosis into caveosomes requires lipid rafts, dynamin II, and signaling events. Mol Biol Cell. 2004 Nov;15(11):4911-25. Epub 2004 Sep 8. PMID:15356270 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E04-01-0070
- ↑ Marjomaki V, Pietiainen V, Matilainen H, Upla P, Ivaska J, Nissinen L, Reunanen H, Huttunen P, Hyypia T, Heino J. Internalization of echovirus 1 in caveolae. J Virol. 2002 Feb;76(4):1856-65. PMID:11799180
- ↑ Pietiainen V, Marjomaki V, Upla P, Pelkmans L, Helenius A, Hyypia T. Echovirus 1 endocytosis into caveosomes requires lipid rafts, dynamin II, and signaling events. Mol Biol Cell. 2004 Nov;15(11):4911-25. Epub 2004 Sep 8. PMID:15356270 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E04-01-0070
- ↑ Marjomaki V, Pietiainen V, Matilainen H, Upla P, Ivaska J, Nissinen L, Reunanen H, Huttunen P, Hyypia T, Heino J. Internalization of echovirus 1 in caveolae. J Virol. 2002 Feb;76(4):1856-65. PMID:11799180
- ↑ Pietiainen V, Marjomaki V, Upla P, Pelkmans L, Helenius A, Hyypia T. Echovirus 1 endocytosis into caveosomes requires lipid rafts, dynamin II, and signaling events. Mol Biol Cell. 2004 Nov;15(11):4911-25. Epub 2004 Sep 8. PMID:15356270 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E04-01-0070
- ↑ Ruokolainen V, Domanska A, Laajala M, Pelliccia M, Butcher SJ, Marjomaki V. Extracellular albumin and endosomal ions prime enterovirus particles for uncoating that can be prevented by fatty acid saturation. J Virol. 2019 Jun 12. pii: JVI.00599-19. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00599-19. PMID:31189702 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00599-19
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