Signal transduction

Under development!

• Ligand
• Hormones and their receptors
• Hormone
• Growth factors
• Neurotransmitters
• Receptor
• Chemical communication in arthropods
• Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (Nos1) is functioning in cell signaling and communication - a vital part of the nervous tissue.

Signaling Pathways:

ABA Signaling Pathway

• ABA Signaling Pathway
• PYR/PYL/RCAR family of ABA receptors
• Protein Phosphatase 2C
• ABA-regulated SNRK2 Protein Kinase

Protein Kinases:

• Calcium-dependent protein kinase
• Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
• Eukaryotic Protein Kinase Catalytic Domain
• Protein kinase C

MAPK

• Mitogen-activated protein kinase
• Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
• Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase
• Michael Roberts/BIOL115/ERK2
• p38 MAPK (UMass Chem 423 Student Projects 2011-2)

CAMP-dependent protein kinase

• CAMP-dependent protein kinase
• CAMP Dependent Protein Kinase, Catalytic Subunit
• Protein Kinase A

Chemotaxis:

• Chemotaxis protein, Histidine Kinase (HK) CheA relays signals from the transmembrane chemoreceptors (methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins/MCPs) to regulate bacterial chemotaxis.
• Molecular Playground/Cytoplasmic domain of chemoreceptor of Thermotoga maritima
• Molecular Playground/Bacterial Chemotaxis Receptors
• Molecular Playground/cytoplasmic domain of a serine chemotaxis receptor
• Methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein

Mechanotransduction:

• Fibronectin, Laminin, and Collagen can bind to receptors (integrins).
• CD44 is a glycoprotein involved in cell-cell interactions. CD44 is a receptor of hyaluronic acid (HA).
• Mechanosensitive channels are involved in touch, hearing, and in maintaining osmotic balance.

Thermoception

• Heat Shock Proteins

Visual phototransduction

Light is detected by rhodopsin in rod and cone cells.

• Rhodopsin#Visual Signal Transduction
• Rhodopsin Structure and Function

Photoreceptor pigments

• Retinal (in rhodopsin). Rhodopsin#Retinal Chromophore of Rhodopsin and Rhodopsin#Photoisomerization of 11-cis Retinal.
• Flavin (in cryptochrome). Cryptochrome, Cryptochrome 4, and JMS/cryptochrome.

Protein phosphatases:

• Protein Phosphatase 2C
• ABA-regulated Protein Phosphatase 2C

Second messengers

cAMP

• Adenylyl cyclase (ADCY, EC number 4.6.1.1), also known as adenylate cyclase, is an enzyme which catalyzes the cyclization of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).
• Catabolite gene activator protein

CAMP-dependent protein kinase

• CAMP-dependent protein kinase
• CAMP Dependent Protein Kinase, Catalytic Subunit
• Protein Kinase A

IP3

• Phospholipase C and PLC beta 3 Gq

Receptors that activate this pathway (Phospholipase C) are mainly G protein-coupled receptors coupled to the Gαq subunit, including:

• 5-HT2 serotonergic receptors (5-hydroxytryptamine receptor#Structural highlights/Specific Function of 5-HT2B).
• α1 adrenergic receptors
• Calcitonin receptors
• Histamine H1 receptor. The H1 receptor is a histamine receptor belonging to the family of rhodopsin-like G-protein-coupled receptors. The H1 receptor is linked to an intracellular G-protein (Gq) that activates phospholipase C and the inositol triphosphate signaling pathway. When a ligand binds to a G protein-coupled receptor that is coupled to a Gq heterotrimeric G protein, the α-subunit of Gq can bind to and induce activity in the PLC isozyme PLC-β, which results in the cleavage of PIP2 into IP3 and DAG.
• Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 belong to group I and activate phospholipase C. For details see Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5.
• M1, M3, and M5 muscarinic receptors. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) contain 5 subtypes M1-M5. Subtypes M1, M3, M5 activate phospholipase C which leads to activation of protein kinase C.
• Protein kinase C
• Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor

Paracrine signaling

Sonic Hedgehog

• Sonic Hedgehog
• Protein patched homolog 1 (Ptch1) acts as receptor of Sonic Hedgehog protein (Shh) which is involved in formation of embryonic structures.

Ca2+ signalling processes

• Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptor
• Calcium-dependent protein kinase
• Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
• Protein kinase C