Beta oxidation

In biochemistry and metabolism, beta-oxidation is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down. See also [1].

1) Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase catalyzes the reaction between a fatty acid with ATP to give a fatty acyl adenylate, plus inorganic pyrophosphate, which then reacts with free coenzyme A to give a fatty acyl-CoA ester and AMP.

2) If the fatty acyl-CoA has a long chain, then the carnitine shuttle must be utilized:

a) Acyl-CoA is transferred to the hydroxyl group of carnitine by carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (see Carnitine palmitoyltransferase), located on the cytosolic faces of the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes.

b) Acyl-carnitine is shuttled inside by a carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase, as a carnitine is shuttled outside.

c) Acyl-carnitine is converted back to acyl-CoA by carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (see Carnitine palmitoyltransferase), located on the interior face of the inner mitochondrial membrane. The liberated carnitine is shuttled back to the cytosol, as an acyl-carnitine is shuttled into the matrix.

3) If the fatty acyl-CoA contains a short chain, these short-chain fatty acids can simply diffuse through the inner mitochondrial membrane.