2n6o

Structural highlights

Function

TX1A_HETMC Gating-modifier toxin that potently inhibits inactivation of the mammalian Nav1.1/SCN1A sodium channel (EC(50)=38 nM) (PubMed:27281198, PubMed:30076230). Also moderately inhibits inactivation of Nav1.2/SCN2A (EC(50)=236 nM) and Nav1.3/SCN3A (EC(50)=220 nM) when the channels are expressed in oocytes without the beta-1 auxiliary subunit (PubMed:27281198). Does not inhibit inactivation of Nav1.2/SCN2A when the channel is coexpressed with the beta-1 auxiliary subunit (PubMed:30076230). When tested on Nav1.1/SCN1A channel, it enhances peak current amplitude and potently delays channel inactivation in a dose-dependent manner, leading to a large sustained current (PubMed:30076230). It has no effect on the voltage-dependence of steady-state activation, and induces a depolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of inactivation (PubMed:30076230). In addition, it does not modify the recovery from fast inactivation in Nav1.1/SCN1A (PubMed:30076230). The binding affinity and subtype selectivity of the toxin towards Nav1.1/SCN1A channel is determined by residues within both the S1-S2 and S3-S4 loops of the domain IV voltage sensor of the channel (PubMed:27281198). This toxin also weakly inhibits several subtypes of voltage-gated potassium channels (PubMed:27281198). It moderately blocks Kv2.1/KCNB1 (23% inhibition at 100 nM), Kv2.2/KCNB2 (19.7% at 100 nM and 51% at 300 nM), Kv4.1/KCND1 (IC(50)=280 nM), Kv4.2/KCND2 (39% at 300 nM) and Kv4.3/KCND3 (43% at 300 nM) (PubMed:12065754). In vivo, intracerebroventricular injection into mice elicits convulsions, spasms, tremors and rapid death (PubMed:12065754). When injected into mouse hindpaw, the toxin elicits an immediate and robust response to pain (PubMed:27281198). However, intraplantar injection of toxin does not cause neurogenic inflammation or alter sensitivity to heat, indicative of a modality-specific effect on mechanosensitive neurons (PubMed:27281198). In Dravet syndrome mice model, intracerebroventricular infusion of this peptide rescues mice from seizures and premature death (PubMed:30076230).^{[1] [2] [3]}

References

1. ↑ Escoubas P, Diochot S, Celerier ML, Nakajima T, Lazdunski M. Novel tarantula toxins for subtypes of voltage-dependent potassium channels in the Kv2 and Kv4 subfamilies. Mol Pharmacol. 2002 Jul;62(1):48-57. PMID:12065754
2. ↑ Osteen JD, Herzig V, Gilchrist J, Emrick JJ, Zhang C, Wang X, Castro J, Garcia-Caraballo S, Grundy L, Rychkov GY, Weyer AD, Dekan Z, Undheim EA, Alewood P, Stucky CL, Brierley SM, Basbaum AI, Bosmans F, King GF, Julius D. Selective spider toxins reveal a role for the Nav1.1 channel in mechanical pain. Nature. 2016 Jun 23;534(7608):494-9. PMID:27281198 doi:10.1038/nature17976
3. ↑ Richards KL, Milligan CJ, Richardson RJ, Jancovski N, Grunnet M, Jacobson LH, Undheim EAB, Mobli M, Chow CY, Herzig V, Csoti A, Panyi G, Reid CA, King GF, Petrou S. Selective Na(V)1.1 activation rescues Dravet syndrome mice from seizures and premature death. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Aug 21;115(34):E8077-E8085. PMID:30076230 doi:10.1073/pnas.1804764115