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3mbg

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Crystal Structure of Human Augmenter of Liver Regeneration (ALR)

Structural highlights

3mbg is a 3 chain structure with sequence from Homo sapiens. Full crystallographic information is available from OCA. For a guided tour on the structure components use FirstGlance.
Method:	X-ray diffraction, Resolution 1.85Å
Ligands:	, , ,
Resources:	FirstGlance, OCA, PDBe, RCSB, PDBsum, ProSAT

Disease

ALR_HUMAN Congenital cataract - progressive muscular hypotonia - hearing loss - developmental delay. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Function

ALR_HUMAN Isoform 1: FAD-dependent sulfhydryl oxidase that regenerates the redox-active disulfide bonds in CHCHD4/MIA40, a chaperone essential for disulfide bond formation and protein folding in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. The reduced form of CHCHD4/MIA40 forms a transient intermolecular disulfide bridge with GFER/ERV1, resulting in regeneration of the essential disulfide bonds in CHCHD4/MIA40, while GFER/ERV1 becomes re-oxidized by donating electrons to cytochrome c or molecular oxygen.^[1] ^[2] ^[3] ^[4] ^[5] Isoform 2: May act as an autocrine hepatotrophic growth factor promoting liver regeneration.^[6] ^[7] ^[8] ^[9] ^[10]

Evolutionary Conservation

Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf.

Publication Abstract from PubMed

The sulfhydryl oxidase augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) binds FAD in a helix-rich domain that presents a CxxC disulfide proximal to the isoalloxazine ring of the flavin. Head-to-tail interchain disulfide bonds link subunits within the homodimer of both the short, cytokine-like, form of ALR (sfALR), and a longer form (lfALR) which resides in the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS). lfALR has an 80-residue N-terminal extension with an additional CxxC motif required for the reoxidation of reduced Mia40 during oxidative protein folding within the IMS. Recently Di Fonzo et al. (Di Fonzo, A., Ronchi, D., Lodi, T., Fassone, E., Tigano, M., Lamperti, C., Corti, S., Bordoni, A., Fortunato, F., Nizzardo, M., Napoli, L., Donadoni, C., Salani, S., Saladino, F., Moggio, M., Bresolin, N., Ferrero, I., and Comi, G. P. (2009) Am. J. Hum. Genet. 84, 594-604) described an R194H mutation of human ALR that led to cataract, progressive muscle hypotonia, and hearing loss in three children. The current work presents a structural and enzymological characterization of the human R194H mutant in lf- and sfALR. A crystal structure of human sfALR was determined by molecular replacement using the rat sfALR structure. R194 is located at the subunit interface of sfALR, close to the intersubunit disulfide bridges. The R194 guanidino moiety participates in three H-bonds: two main-chain carbonyl oxygen atoms (from R194 itself, and from C95 of the intersubunit disulfide of the other protomer) and with the 2' OH of the FAD ribose. The R194H mutation has minimal effect on the enzyme activity using model and physiological substrates of short and long ALR forms. However the mutation adversely affects the stability of both ALR forms: e.g. by decreasing the melting temperature by about 10 masculineC, by increasing the rate of dissociation of FAD from the holoenzyme by about 45-fold, and by strongly enhancing the susceptibility of sfALR to partial proteolysis and to reduction of its intersubunit disulfide bridges by glutathione. Finally, a comparison of the TROSY-HSQC 2D NMR spectra of wild type sfALR and its R194H mutant reveal a significant increase in conformational flexibility in the mutant protein. In sum, these in vitro data document the major impact of the seemingly conservative R194H mutation on the stability of dimeric ALR and complement the in vivo observations of Di Fonzo et al.

Structure of the human sulfhydryl oxidase augmenter of liver regeneration and characterization of a human mutation causing an autosomal recessive myopathy.,Daithankar VN, Schaefer SA, Dong M, Bahnson BJ, Thorpe C Biochemistry. 2010 Jul 1. PMID:20593814^[11]

From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

References

↑ Daithankar VN, Farrell SR, Thorpe C. Augmenter of liver regeneration: substrate specificity of a flavin-dependent oxidoreductase from the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Biochemistry. 2009 Jun 9;48(22):4828-37. doi: 10.1021/bi900347v. PMID:19397338 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi900347v
↑ Sztolsztener ME, Brewinska A, Guiard B, Chacinska A. Disulfide bond formation: sulfhydryl oxidase ALR controls mitochondrial biogenesis of human MIA40. Traffic. 2013 Mar;14(3):309-20. doi: 10.1111/tra.12030. Epub 2012 Dec 16. PMID:23186364 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tra.12030
↑ Daithankar VN, Schaefer SA, Dong M, Bahnson BJ, Thorpe C. Structure of the human sulfhydryl oxidase augmenter of liver regeneration and characterization of a human mutation causing an autosomal recessive myopathy. Biochemistry. 2010 Jul 1. PMID:20593814 doi:10.1021/bi100912m
↑ Banci L, Bertini I, Calderone V, Cefaro C, Ciofi-Baffoni S, Gallo A, Kallergi E, Lionaki E, Pozidis C, Tokatlidis K. Molecular recognition and substrate mimicry drive the electron-transfer process between MIA40 and ALR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Mar 22;108(12):4811-6. Epub 2011 Mar 7. PMID:21383138 doi:10.1073/pnas.1014542108
↑ Banci L, Bertini I, Calderone V, Cefaro C, Ciofi-Baffoni S, Gallo A, Tokatlidis K. An electron-transfer path through an extended disulfide relay system: the case of the redox protein ALR. J Am Chem Soc. 2012 Jan 25;134(3):1442-5. Epub 2012 Jan 6. PMID:22224850 doi:10.1021/ja209881f
↑ Daithankar VN, Farrell SR, Thorpe C. Augmenter of liver regeneration: substrate specificity of a flavin-dependent oxidoreductase from the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Biochemistry. 2009 Jun 9;48(22):4828-37. doi: 10.1021/bi900347v. PMID:19397338 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi900347v
↑ Sztolsztener ME, Brewinska A, Guiard B, Chacinska A. Disulfide bond formation: sulfhydryl oxidase ALR controls mitochondrial biogenesis of human MIA40. Traffic. 2013 Mar;14(3):309-20. doi: 10.1111/tra.12030. Epub 2012 Dec 16. PMID:23186364 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tra.12030
↑ Daithankar VN, Schaefer SA, Dong M, Bahnson BJ, Thorpe C. Structure of the human sulfhydryl oxidase augmenter of liver regeneration and characterization of a human mutation causing an autosomal recessive myopathy. Biochemistry. 2010 Jul 1. PMID:20593814 doi:10.1021/bi100912m
↑ Banci L, Bertini I, Calderone V, Cefaro C, Ciofi-Baffoni S, Gallo A, Kallergi E, Lionaki E, Pozidis C, Tokatlidis K. Molecular recognition and substrate mimicry drive the electron-transfer process between MIA40 and ALR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Mar 22;108(12):4811-6. Epub 2011 Mar 7. PMID:21383138 doi:10.1073/pnas.1014542108
↑ Banci L, Bertini I, Calderone V, Cefaro C, Ciofi-Baffoni S, Gallo A, Tokatlidis K. An electron-transfer path through an extended disulfide relay system: the case of the redox protein ALR. J Am Chem Soc. 2012 Jan 25;134(3):1442-5. Epub 2012 Jan 6. PMID:22224850 doi:10.1021/ja209881f
↑ Daithankar VN, Schaefer SA, Dong M, Bahnson BJ, Thorpe C. Structure of the human sulfhydryl oxidase augmenter of liver regeneration and characterization of a human mutation causing an autosomal recessive myopathy. Biochemistry. 2010 Jul 1. PMID:20593814 doi:10.1021/bi100912m

1 Structural highlights
2 Disease
3 Function
4 Evolutionary Conservation
5 Publication Abstract from PubMed
6 See Also
7 References

Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)

OCA

Retrieved from "http://52.214.119.220/wiki/index.php/3mbg"

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 <StructureSection load='3mbg' size='340' side='right'caption='[[3mbg]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 1.85&Aring;' scene=''>
 == Structural highlights ==
-<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[3mbg]] is a 3 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=3MBG OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=3MBG FirstGlance]. <br>
+<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[3mbg]] is a 3 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=3MBG OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=3MBG FirstGlance]. <br>
-</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=ACT:ACETATE+ION'>ACT</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=FAD:FLAVIN-ADENINE+DINUCLEOTIDE'>FAD</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=NA:SODIUM+ION'>NA</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=ZN:ZINC+ION'>ZN</scene></td></tr>
+</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 1.85&#8491;</td></tr>
-<tr id='gene'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Gene|Gene:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">GFER, ALR, HERV1, HPO ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&srchmode=5&id=9606 HUMAN])</td></tr>
+<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=ACT:ACETATE+ION'>ACT</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=FAD:FLAVIN-ADENINE+DINUCLEOTIDE'>FAD</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=NA:SODIUM+ION'>NA</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=ZN:ZINC+ION'>ZN</scene></td></tr>
-<tr id='activity'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiol_oxidase Thiol oxidase], with EC number [https://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=1.8.3.2 1.8.3.2] </span></td></tr>
 <tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=3mbg FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=3mbg OCA], [https://pdbe.org/3mbg PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=3mbg RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/3mbg PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=3mbg ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
 </table>
 == Disease ==
-[[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/ALR_HUMAN ALR_HUMAN]] Congenital cataract - progressive muscular hypotonia - hearing loss - developmental delay. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.
+[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/ALR_HUMAN ALR_HUMAN] Congenital cataract - progressive muscular hypotonia - hearing loss - developmental delay. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.
 == Function ==
-[[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/ALR_HUMAN ALR_HUMAN]] Isoform 1: FAD-dependent sulfhydryl oxidase that regenerates the redox-active disulfide bonds in CHCHD4/MIA40, a chaperone essential for disulfide bond formation and protein folding in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. The reduced form of CHCHD4/MIA40 forms a transient intermolecular disulfide bridge with GFER/ERV1, resulting in regeneration of the essential disulfide bonds in CHCHD4/MIA40, while GFER/ERV1 becomes re-oxidized by donating electrons to cytochrome c or molecular oxygen.<ref>PMID:19397338</ref> <ref>PMID:23186364</ref> <ref>PMID:20593814</ref> <ref>PMID:21383138</ref> <ref>PMID:22224850</ref>   Isoform 2: May act as an autocrine hepatotrophic growth factor promoting liver regeneration.<ref>PMID:19397338</ref> <ref>PMID:23186364</ref> <ref>PMID:20593814</ref> <ref>PMID:21383138</ref> <ref>PMID:22224850</ref>
+[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/ALR_HUMAN ALR_HUMAN] Isoform 1: FAD-dependent sulfhydryl oxidase that regenerates the redox-active disulfide bonds in CHCHD4/MIA40, a chaperone essential for disulfide bond formation and protein folding in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. The reduced form of CHCHD4/MIA40 forms a transient intermolecular disulfide bridge with GFER/ERV1, resulting in regeneration of the essential disulfide bonds in CHCHD4/MIA40, while GFER/ERV1 becomes re-oxidized by donating electrons to cytochrome c or molecular oxygen.<ref>PMID:19397338</ref> <ref>PMID:23186364</ref> <ref>PMID:20593814</ref> <ref>PMID:21383138</ref> <ref>PMID:22224850</ref>   Isoform 2: May act as an autocrine hepatotrophic growth factor promoting liver regeneration.<ref>PMID:19397338</ref> <ref>PMID:23186364</ref> <ref>PMID:20593814</ref> <ref>PMID:21383138</ref> <ref>PMID:22224850</ref>
 == Evolutionary Conservation ==
 [[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif|200px|right]]
@@ Line 39: / Line 38: @@
 __TOC__
 </StructureSection>
-[[Category: Human]]
+[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
 [[Category: Large Structures]]
-[[Category: Thiol oxidase]]
+[[Category: Bahnson BJ]]
-[[Category: Bahnson, B J]]
+[[Category: Daithankar VN]]
-[[Category: Daithankar, V N]]
+[[Category: Dong M]]
-[[Category: Dong, M]]
+[[Category: Schaefer S]]
-[[Category: Schaefer, S]]
+[[Category: Thorpe C]]
-[[Category: Thorpe, C]]
-[[Category: Alr]]
-[[Category: Fad]]
-[[Category: Flavin]]
-[[Category: Flavoprotein]]
-[[Category: Gfer]]
-[[Category: Sulfhydryl oxidase]]

3mbg

From Proteopedia

Current revision

Crystal Structure of Human Augmenter of Liver Regeneration (ALR)

Structural highlights

Disease

Function

Evolutionary Conservation

Publication Abstract from PubMed

See Also

References

Contents

Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)

Views

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