| Structural highlights
Disease
CTLA4_HUMAN Genetic variation in CTLA4 influences susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) [MIM:152700. SLE is a chronic, inflammatory and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue. It affects principally the skin, joints, kidneys and serosal membranes. SLE is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system.[1] Note=Genetic variations in CTLA4 may influence susceptibility to Graves disease, an autoimmune disorder associated with overactivity of the thyroid gland and hyperthyroidism.[2] Genetic variation in CTLA4 is the cause of susceptibility to diabetes mellitus insulin-dependent type 12 (IDDM12) [MIM:601388. A multifactorial disorder of glucose homeostasis that is characterized by susceptibility to ketoacidosis in the absence of insulin therapy. Clinical fetaures are polydipsia, polyphagia and polyuria which result from hyperglycemia-induced osmotic diuresis and secondary thirst. These derangements result in long-term complications that affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels.[3] [4] Genetic variation in CTLA4 is the cause of susceptibility to celiac disease type 3 (CELIAC3) [MIM:609755. It is a multifactorial disorder of the small intestine that is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. It is characterized by malabsorption resulting from inflammatory injury to the mucosa of the small intestine after the ingestion of wheat gluten or related rye and barley proteins. In its classic form, celiac disease is characterized in children by malabsorption and failure to thrive.
Function
CTLA4_HUMAN Inhibitory receptor acting as a major negative regulator of T-cell responses. The affinity of CTLA4 for its natural B7 family ligands, CD80 and CD86, is considerably stronger than the affinity of their cognate stimulatory coreceptor CD28.[5] [6]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
The value of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies in cancer therapy is well established. However, the broad application of currently available anti-CTLA-4 therapeutic antibodies is hampered by their narrow therapeutic index. It is therefore challenging and attractive to develop the next generation of anti-CTLA-4 therapeutics with improved safety and efficacy. To this end, we generated fully human heavy chain-only antibodies (HCAbs) against CTLA-4. The hIgG1 Fc domain of the top candidate, HCAb 4003-1, was further engineered to enhance its regulatory T (T(reg)) cell depletion effect and to decrease its half-life, resulting in HCAb 4003-2. We tested these HCAbs in in vitro and in vivo experiments in comparison with ipilimumab and other anti-CTLA4 antibodies. The results show that human HCAb 4003-2 binds human CTLA-4 with high affinity and potently blocks the binding of B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) to CTLA-4. The results also show efficient tumor penetration. HCAb 4003-2 exhibits enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity function, lower serum exposure, and more potent anti-tumor activity than ipilimumab in murine tumor models, which is partly driven by a substantial depletion of intratumoral T(reg)s. Importantly, the enhanced efficacy combined with the shorter serum half-life and less systemic drug exposure in vivo potentially provides an improved therapeutic window in cynomolgus monkeys and preliminary clinical applications. With its augmented efficacy via T(reg) depletion and improved safety profile, HCAb 4003-2 is a promising candidate for the development of next generation anti-CTLA-4 therapy.
An anti-CTLA-4 heavy chain-only antibody with enhanced T(reg) depletion shows excellent preclinical efficacy and safety profile.,Gan X, Shan Q, Li H, Janssens R, Shen Y, He Y, Chen F, van Haperen R, Drabek D, Li J, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Qin B, Jheng MJ, Chen V, Wang J, Rong Y, Grosveld F Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 Aug 9;119(32):e2200879119. doi: , 10.1073/pnas.2200879119. Epub 2022 Aug 4. PMID:35925889[7]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
See Also
References
- ↑ Chistyakov DA, Savost'anov KV, Turakulov RI, Petunina NA, Trukhina LV, Kudinova AV, Balabolkin MI, Nosikov VV. Complex association analysis of graves disease using a set of polymorphic markers. Mol Genet Metab. 2000 Jul;70(3):214-8. PMID:10924276 doi:10.1006/mgme.2000.3007
- ↑ Chistyakov DA, Savost'anov KV, Turakulov RI, Petunina NA, Trukhina LV, Kudinova AV, Balabolkin MI, Nosikov VV. Complex association analysis of graves disease using a set of polymorphic markers. Mol Genet Metab. 2000 Jul;70(3):214-8. PMID:10924276 doi:10.1006/mgme.2000.3007
- ↑ Chistyakov DA, Savost'anov KV, Turakulov RI, Petunina NA, Trukhina LV, Kudinova AV, Balabolkin MI, Nosikov VV. Complex association analysis of graves disease using a set of polymorphic markers. Mol Genet Metab. 2000 Jul;70(3):214-8. PMID:10924276 doi:10.1006/mgme.2000.3007
- ↑ Marron MP, Raffel LJ, Garchon HJ, Jacob CO, Serrano-Rios M, Martinez Larrad MT, Teng WP, Park Y, Zhang ZX, Goldstein DR, Tao YW, Beaurain G, Bach JF, Huang HS, Luo DF, Zeidler A, Rotter JI, Yang MC, Modilevsky T, Maclaren NK, She JX. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is associated with CTLA4 polymorphisms in multiple ethnic groups. Hum Mol Genet. 1997 Aug;6(8):1275-82. PMID:9259273
- ↑ Linsley PS, Brady W, Urnes M, Grosmaire LS, Damle NK, Ledbetter JA. CTLA-4 is a second receptor for the B cell activation antigen B7. J Exp Med. 1991 Sep 1;174(3):561-9. PMID:1714933
- ↑ Teft WA, Kirchhof MG, Madrenas J. A molecular perspective of CTLA-4 function. Annu Rev Immunol. 2006;24:65-97. PMID:16551244 doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.24.021605.090535
- ↑ Gan X, Shan Q, Li H, Janssens R, Shen Y, He Y, Chen F, van Haperen R, Drabek D, Li J, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Qin B, Jheng MJ, Chen V, Wang J, Rong Y, Grosveld F. An anti-CTLA-4 heavy chain-only antibody with enhanced T(reg) depletion shows excellent preclinical efficacy and safety profile. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 Aug 9;119(32):e2200879119. doi: , 10.1073/pnas.2200879119. Epub 2022 Aug 4. PMID:35925889 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2200879119
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