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Function
Syntaxin (Stx) are membrane-integrated proteins that are instrumental in exocytosis of vesicles.
- Stx-1 is essential for the formation of the SNARE complex involved in the fusion machinery in the brain. Stx-1 forms a 4-helical bundle complex with proteins SNAP-25 and VAMP2 which drives fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane[1]. The coiled-coil bundle structure is formed by the interactions of the complex SNARE motifs[2].
- Stx-1A regulates the function of transmembrane proteins like ion channels and neurotransmitter transporters[3].
- Stx-6 is a SNARE protein involved in a variety of internal membrane fusion events.
- Stx-7 is involved in endosomal membrane fusion[4].
- Stx-10 is a SNARE protein localised to the trans-Golgi network[5].
- Stx-12 is a SNARE protein localised to the endosome[6].
- Stx-13 has a role in membrane expansion during neuronal development [7].
- Stx-17 is required for autophagosome-lysosome fusion[8].
- Stx-VAM3P is involved invacuolar assembly[9].
Relevance
The blockade of Stx-1 inhibits glioblastoma tumor growth and may represent a novel therapeutic tool against this fatal tumor[10].
Structural highlights
(PDB code 3hd7). The interactions of the syntaxin 1a and VAMP2 SNARE motives consist of hydrogen bond and polar interactions[11]. (PDB code 3ipd).
3D structures of syntaxin
Syntaxin 3D structures
References
- ↑ Hussain S, Ringsevjen H, Egbenya DL, Skjervold TL, Davanger S. SNARE Protein Syntaxin-1 Colocalizes Closely with NMDA Receptor Subunit NR2B in Postsynaptic Spines in the Hippocampus. Front Mol Neurosci. 2016 Feb 5;9:10. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00010. eCollection, 2016. PMID:26903802 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2016.00010
- ↑ Liang B, Kiessling V, Tamm LK. Prefusion structure of syntaxin-1A suggests pathway for folding into neuronal trans-SNARE complex fusion intermediate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Nov 11. PMID:24218570 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1314699110
- ↑ Binda F, Dipace C, Bowton E, Robertson SD, Lute BJ, Fog JU, Zhang M, Sen N, Colbran RJ, Gnegy ME, Gether U, Javitch JA, Erreger K, Galli A. Syntaxin 1A interaction with the dopamine transporter promotes amphetamine-induced dopamine efflux. Mol Pharmacol. 2008 Oct;74(4):1101-8. PMID:18617632 doi:10.1124/mol.108.048447
- ↑ Mori Y, Takenaka KI, Fukazawa Y, Takamori S. The endosomal Q-SNARE, Syntaxin 7, defines a rapidly replenishing synaptic vesicle recycling pool in hippocampal neurons. Commun Biol. 2021 Aug 18;4(1):981. PMID:34408265 doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02512-4
- ↑ Wang Y, Tai G, Lu L, Johannes L, Hong W, Tang BL. Trans-Golgi network syntaxin 10 functions distinctly from syntaxins 6 and 16. Mol Membr Biol. 2005 Jul-Aug;22(4):313-25. PMID:16154903 doi:10.1080/09687860500143829
- ↑ Tang BL, Tan AE, Lim LK, Lee SS, Low DY, Hong W. Syntaxin 12, a member of the syntaxin family localized to the endosome. J Biol Chem. 1998 Mar 20;273(12):6944-50. PMID:9507000 doi:10.1074/jbc.273.12.6944
- ↑ Hirling H, Steiner P, Chaperon C, Marsault R, Regazzi R, Catsicas S. Syntaxin 13 is a developmentally regulated SNARE involved in neurite outgrowth and endosomal trafficking. Eur J Neurosci. 2000 Jun;12(6):1913-23. PMID:10886332 doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00076.x
- ↑ Itakura E, Mizushima N. Syntaxin 17: the autophagosomal SNARE. Autophagy. 2013 Jun 1;9(6):917-9. PMID:23466629 doi:10.4161/auto.24109
- ↑ Wada Y, Nakamura N, Ohsumi Y, Hirata A. Vam3p, a new member of syntaxin related protein, is required for vacuolar assembly in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Sci. 1997 Jun;110 ( Pt 11):1299-306. PMID:9202390 doi:10.1242/jcs.110.11.1299
- ↑ Hussain S, Ringsevjen H, Egbenya DL, Skjervold TL, Davanger S. SNARE Protein Syntaxin-1 Colocalizes Closely with NMDA Receptor Subunit NR2B in Postsynaptic Spines in the Hippocampus. Front Mol Neurosci. 2016 Feb 5;9:10. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00010. eCollection, 2016. PMID:26903802 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnmol.2016.00010
- ↑ Stein A, Weber G, Wahl MC, Jahn R. Helical extension of the neuronal SNARE complex into the membrane. Nature. 2009 Jul 23;460(7254):525-8. Epub 2009 Jul 1. PMID:19571812 doi:10.1038/nature08156
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