| Structural highlights
Function
SPIKE_SARS2 attaches the virion to the cell membrane by interacting with host receptor, initiating the infection (By similarity). Binding to human ACE2 receptor and internalization of the virus into the endosomes of the host cell induces conformational changes in the Spike glycoprotein (PubMed:32142651, PubMed:32075877, PubMed:32155444). Uses also human TMPRSS2 for priming in human lung cells which is an essential step for viral entry (PubMed:32142651). Proteolysis by cathepsin CTSL may unmask the fusion peptide of S2 and activate membranes fusion within endosomes.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_04099][1] [2] [3] mediates fusion of the virion and cellular membranes by acting as a class I viral fusion protein. Under the current model, the protein has at least three conformational states: pre-fusion native state, pre-hairpin intermediate state, and post-fusion hairpin state. During viral and target cell membrane fusion, the coiled coil regions (heptad repeats) assume a trimer-of-hairpins structure, positioning the fusion peptide in close proximity to the C-terminal region of the ectodomain. The formation of this structure appears to drive apposition and subsequent fusion of viral and target cell membranes.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_04099] Acts as a viral fusion peptide which is unmasked following S2 cleavage occurring upon virus endocytosis.[HAMAP-Rule:MF_04099]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Prevention of viral escape and increased coverage against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern require therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting multiple sites of vulnerability on the coronavirus spike glycoprotein. Here we identify several potent neutralizing antibodies directed against either the N-terminal domain (NTD) or the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein. Administered in combinations, these mAbs provided low-dose protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in the K18-human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 mouse model, using both neutralization and Fc effector antibody functions. The RBD mAb WRAIR-2125, which targets residue F486 through a unique heavy-chain and light-chain pairing, demonstrated potent neutralizing activity against all major SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. In combination with NTD and other RBD mAbs, WRAIR-2125 also prevented viral escape. These data demonstrate that NTD/RBD mAb combinations confer potent protection, likely leveraging complementary mechanisms of viral inactivation and clearance.
Low-dose in vivo protection and neutralization across SARS-CoV-2 variants by monoclonal antibody combinations.,Dussupt V, Sankhala RS, Mendez-Rivera L, Townsley SM, Schmidt F, Wieczorek L, Lal KG, Donofrio GC, Tran U, Jackson ND, Zaky WI, Zemil M, Tritsch SR, Chen WH, Martinez EJ, Ahmed A, Choe M, Chang WC, Hajduczki A, Jian N, Peterson CE, Rees PA, Rutkowska M, Slike BM, Selverian CN, Swafford I, Teng IT, Thomas PV, Zhou T, Smith CJ, Currier JR, Kwong PD, Rolland M, Davidson E, Doranz BJ, Mores CN, Hatziioannou T, Reiley WW, Bieniasz PD, Paquin-Proulx D, Gromowski GD, Polonis VR, Michael NL, Modjarrad K, Joyce MG, Krebs SJ Nat Immunol. 2021 Dec;22(12):1503-1514. doi: 10.1038/s41590-021-01068-z. Epub , 2021 Oct 29. PMID:34716452[4]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
See Also
References
- ↑ Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS, Goldsmith JA, Hsieh CL, Abiona O, Graham BS, McLellan JS. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science. 2020 Feb 19. pii: science.abb2507. doi: 10.1126/science.abb2507. PMID:32075877 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abb2507
- ↑ Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Kruger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, Schiergens TS, Herrler G, Wu NH, Nitsche A, Muller MA, Drosten C, Pohlmann S. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell. 2020 Apr 16;181(2):271-280.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052. Epub 2020, Mar 5. PMID:32142651 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052
- ↑ Walls AC, Park YJ, Tortorici MA, Wall A, McGuire AT, Veesler D. Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. Cell. 2020 Mar 6. pii: S0092-8674(20)30262-2. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.058. PMID:32155444 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.058
- ↑ Dussupt V, Sankhala RS, Mendez-Rivera L, Townsley SM, Schmidt F, Wieczorek L, Lal KG, Donofrio GC, Tran U, Jackson ND, Zaky WI, Zemil M, Tritsch SR, Chen WH, Martinez EJ, Ahmed A, Choe M, Chang WC, Hajduczki A, Jian N, Peterson CE, Rees PA, Rutkowska M, Slike BM, Selverian CN, Swafford I, Teng IT, Thomas PV, Zhou T, Smith CJ, Currier JR, Kwong PD, Rolland M, Davidson E, Doranz BJ, Mores CN, Hatziioannou T, Reiley WW, Bieniasz PD, Paquin-Proulx D, Gromowski GD, Polonis VR, Michael NL, Modjarrad K, Joyce MG, Krebs SJ. Low-dose in vivo protection and neutralization across SARS-CoV-2 variants by monoclonal antibody combinations. Nat Immunol. 2021 Dec;22(12):1503-1514. PMID:34716452 doi:10.1038/s41590-021-01068-z
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