Galactosidase

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[[Image:3e1f.png|left|200px|thumb|Crystal Structure of Galactosidase, [[3e1f]]]]
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<StructureSection load='3w5g' size='350' side='right' caption='Glycosylated beta-galactosidase complex with galactose (PDB entry [[3w5g]])' scene=''>
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{{STRUCTURE_3e1f| PDB=3e1f | SIZE=400| SCENE=Galactosidase/Cv/1 |right|CAPTION=E. coli β-galactosidase tetramer complex with β-D-galactose, DMSO, Mg+2 and Na+ ions, [[3e1f]] }}
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== Function ==
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'''α-Galactosidase''' (Agal) hydrolyzes the terminal α-galactosyl moiety from glycoproteins and glycolipids<ref>PMID:15003450</ref>.
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*'''β-Galactosidase''' (Bgal) hydrolyzes β-galactosides into monosaccharides<ref>PMID:8008071</ref>.
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Isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) induces Bgal activity. Phenylethyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (PETG) is an inhibitor. Galactose, lactose, o-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactoside (ONPG) are substrates. Galactopyranosyl is reaction intermediate.<br /> For details on α-galactosidase see [[Garman lab: Interconversion of lysosomal enzyme specificities]].<br />For details on β-galactosidase see [[Molecular Playground/Beta-galactosidase]].
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See also: [[Beta-galactosidase (hebrew)]]
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*'''Endo-1,4-β-galactosidase''' hydrolyzes pectic galactans to produce D-galactose, beta-1,4-D galactobiose, beta-1,4-D galactotriose and beta-1,4-D galactotetraose<ref>PMID:16495677</ref>.
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See also [[Lactase (a protein)]]
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== Relevance ==
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Bgal assay is used in molecular biology to monitor gene expression.
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== Disease ==
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The inherited deficiency of Agal is the cause of Fabry disease<ref>PMID:5411915</ref>. Bgal mutations causing enzyme deficiency can lead to ganglioidosis<ref>PMID:10737981</ref>.
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== Structural highlights ==
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The <scene name='45/458439/Cv/3'>Zn+2 binding site is composed of 4 Cys residues</scene>. The <scene name='45/458439/Cv/5'>galactose binding site</scene> is seen in a <scene name='45/458439/Cv/6'>large central channel</scene><ref>PMID:12215416</ref>. Water molecules shown as red spheres.
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For [[3hg2]] <scene name='3hg2/3hg2to3morph/6'>click here to see cycling morph from empty active site to substrate bound form and back</scene>.<br />
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'''α-Galactosidase''' (Agal) hydrolyzes the terminal α-galactosyl moiety from glycoproteins and glycolipids. '''β-Galactosidase''' (Bgal) hydrolyzes β-galactosides into monosaccharides.
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Isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) induces Bgal activity. Phenylethyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (PETG) is an inhibitor. Galactose, lactose, o-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactoside (ONPG) are substrates. Galactopyranosyl is reaction intermediate. The images at the left and at the right correspond to one representative Galactosidase, ''i.e.'' the crystal structure of Galactosidase from ''Escherichia coli'' ([[3e1f]]). For details on β-galactosidase see [[Molecular Playground/Beta-galactosidase]].
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{{TOC limit|limit=2}}
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== 3D Structures of Galactosidase ==
== 3D Structures of Galactosidase ==
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[[Galactosidase 3D structures]]
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Updated on {{REVISIONDAY2}}-{{MONTHNAME|{{REVISIONMONTH}}}}-{{REVISIONYEAR}}
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</StructureSection>
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===α-Galactosidase===
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[[3lrk]] – yAgal 1 (mutant) – yeast<br />
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[[3lrl]], [[3lrm]] – yAgal 1 (mutant) + polysaccharide<br />
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[[3lx9]], [[3lxa]], [[3lxb]], [[3lxc]], [[3tv8]] - hAgal A (mutant) – human<br />
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[[3hg2]], [[3gxn]], [[1r46]], [[1r47]], [[3s5y]], [[3s5z]] – hAgal A<br />
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For [[3hg2]] <scene name='3hg2/3hg2to3morph/6'>click here to see cycling morph from empty active site to substrate bound form and back</scene>.<br />
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[[1zy9]] – TmAgal – ''Thermotoga maritima''<br />
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[[3h53]] - hAgal B (mutant)<br />
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[[3a24]] – BtAgal – ''Bacterioides thetaiotamicron''<br />
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[[3a5v]] – Agal I – ''Mortierella vinacea''<br />
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[[3mi6]] – Agal – ''Lactobacillus brevis''<br />
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[[1szn]] – HjAgal – ''Hypocrea jecorina''<br />
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[[1uas]] – Agal – rice<br />
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[[2xn0]], [[2xn1]] – LaAgal – ''Lactobacillus acidophilus''<br />
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[[4fnp]] – GsAgal (mutant) – ''Geobacillus stearothermophilus''<br />
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[[4fnq]], [[4fnr]] – GsAgal
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===α-galactosidase binary complex===
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[[3h54]] - hAgal B (mutant) + polysaccharide<br />
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[[3h55]] - hAgal B (mutant) + galactose<br />
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[[3igu]] - hAgal B (mutant) + intermediate<br />
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[[3hg3]], [[3hg5]] - hAgal A (mutant) + galactose<br />
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[[3gxp]] - hAgal A + galactose<br />
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[[3hg4]] – hAgal A + intermediate<br />
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[[3gxt]] – hAgal A + imino sugar<br />
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[[1t0o]] – HjAgal + galactose<br />
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[[2xn2]] - LaAgal + galactose<br />
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[[4fns]] - GsAgal (mutant) + jirimycin derivative<br />
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[[4fnt]], [[4fnu]] – GsAgal + galactoside
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===β-Galactosidase===
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[[3og2]] – TrBgal – ''Trichoderma reesei''<br />
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[[3muy]], [[3i3e]], [[3iap]], [[3iaq]], [[3dyp]], [[1px3]], [[3sep]], [[3t0a]], [[3t2o]], [[3vd3]], [[3vd5]], [[3vda]], [[4duv]] – EcBgal (mutant) – ''Escherichia coli''<br />
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[[1hn1]], [[1dp0]], [[1f49]], [[1f4a]], [[1f4h]], [[1gho]], [[1bgl]], [[1bgm]] - EcBgal<br />
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[[3dec]], [[3d3a]], [[3bga]] – BtBgal<br />
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[[1yq2]] - Bgal (mutant) – Arthrobacter<br />
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[[1uwi]], [[4eam]] - SsBgal (mutant) - ''Sulfolobus solfataricus''<br />
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[[1uwq]], [[4gow]] – SsBgal<br />
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[[1kwg]] – TtBgal – ''Thermus thermophilus''<br />
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[[1tg7]] – PeBgal – ''Penicillium''<br />
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[[3tts]] – BcBgal – ''Bacillus circulans''<br />
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[[4ha3]], [[4ha4]] – Bgal – ''Acidilobus saccharovorans''<br />
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===β-Galactosidase binary complex===
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[[1xc6]] - PeBgal + galactose<br />
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[[1kwk]] – TtBgal + galactose<br />
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[[3ogr]] – TrBgal + galactose<br />
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[[3ogs]] - TrBgal + IPTG<br />
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[[3ogv]] – TrBgal + inhibitor<br />
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[[2ceq]], [[1uwr]], [[1uws]], [[1uwt]], [[1uwu]], [[2cer]] - SsBgal + inhibitor<br />
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[[4ean]] – SsBgal + indole<br />
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[[3muz]], [[3i3d]], [[3dyo]], [[1px4]], [[1jyx]], [[3t08]], [[3t0b]], [[3t2p]], [[3vd4]], [[3vd9]], [[3vdc]]- EcBgal (mutant) + IPTG<br />
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[[3mv0]], [[3i3b]], [[3czj]], [[1jz0]], [[1jz1]], [[1jz2]], [[1jz3]], [[1jz4]], [[1jz5]], [[1jz6]] - EcBgal (mutant) + intermediate<br />
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[[3mv1]] - EcBgal (mutant) + guanidinium<br />
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[[3e1f]], [[1jz7]] - EcBgal (mutant) + galactose<br />
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[[3t09]], [[3t0d]], [[3t2q]], [[3vd7]], [[3vdb]] - EcBgal (mutant) + galactose derivative<br />
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[[1jyn]], [[1jyy]], [[1jyz]], [[1jz8]] - EcBgal (mutant) + lactose derivative<br />
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[[1jyn]], [[1jyw]], [[1jyv]] - EcBgal (mutant) + substrate<br />
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[[1jz6]] - EcBgal (mutant) + inhibitor<br />
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[[4duw]] - EcBgal (mutant) + allolactose<br />
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[[4dux]] - EcBgal (mutant) + ribose<br />
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[[4iug]] - Bgal + galactose – ''Aspergillus oryzae''<br />
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[[3ob8]], [[3oba]] – Bgal – ''Kluyveromyces lactis''<br />
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[[3tty]] - BcBgal + galactose<br />
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[[3thd]] – hBgal + jirimycin derivative
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===Endo-1,4-β-galactosidase===
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[[2xom]], [[2xon]] – TmEbgal carbohydrate-binding domain + β-galactotriose<br />
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[[1ups]] – Bgal - ''Clostridium perfringens''<br />
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[[2ygl]], [[2ygm]] – Bgal blood group A & B cleaving – ''Streptococcus pneumoniae''
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===3,6-anhydro-α-L-galactosidase===
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[[3p2n]] – AAgal – ''Zobellia galactanivorans''
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===6-phospho-β-D-galactosidase===
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[[2pbg]], [[3pbg]], [[4pbg]], [[1pbg]] – Pgal (mutant) – ''Lactococcus lacti''<br />
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[[2v4v]] – gal GH59 – ''Clostridium cellulolyticum''
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== References ==
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<references/>
[[Category:Topic Page]]
[[Category:Topic Page]]
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<br />
*Created with the participation of [[User:Wayne Decatur|Wayne Decatur]].
*Created with the participation of [[User:Wayne Decatur|Wayne Decatur]].

Current revision

Glycosylated beta-galactosidase complex with galactose (PDB entry 3w5g)

Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate

References

  1. ↑ Garman SC, Garboczi DN. The molecular defect leading to Fabry disease: structure of human alpha-galactosidase. J Mol Biol. 2004 Mar 19;337(2):319-35. PMID:15003450 doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2004.01.035
  2. ↑ Jacobson RH, Zhang XJ, DuBose RF, Matthews BW. Three-dimensional structure of beta-galactosidase from E. coli. Nature. 1994 Jun 30;369(6483):761-6. PMID:8008071 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/369761a08015589
  3. ↑ Yang H, Ichinose H, Yoshida M, Nakajima M, Kobayashi H, Kaneko S. Characterization of a thermostable endo-beta-1,4-D-galactanase from the hyperthermophile Thermotoga maritima. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2006 Feb;70(2):538-41. PMID:16495677 doi:10.1271/bbb.70.538
  4. ↑ Kint JA. Fabry's disease: alpha-galactosidase deficiency. Science. 1970 Feb 27;167(3922):1268-9. PMID:5411915
  5. ↑ Morrone A, Bardelli T, Donati MA, Giorgi M, Di Rocco M, Gatti R, Parini R, Ricci R, Taddeucci G, D'Azzo A, Zammarchi E. beta-galactosidase gene mutations affecting the lysosomal enzyme and the elastin-binding protein in GM1-gangliosidosis patients with cardiac involvement. Hum Mutat. 2000;15(4):354-66. PMID:10737981 doi:<354::AID-HUMU8>3.0.CO;2-L 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(200004)15:4<354::AID-HUMU8>3.0.CO;2-L
  6. ↑ Hidaka M, Fushinobu S, Ohtsu N, Motoshima H, Matsuzawa H, Shoun H, Wakagi T. Trimeric crystal structure of the glycoside hydrolase family 42 beta-galactosidase from Thermus thermophilus A4 and the structure of its complex with galactose. J Mol Biol. 2002 Sep 6;322(1):79-91. PMID:12215416


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