The repetitive secondary structure elements (alpha helices and beta strands) go in a single direction. Turns change the direction of the main chain, allowing them to connect alpha helices and beta strands at the surface of a globular protein. Of the six main chain hydrogen bonding partners of a turn, a maximum of two are engaged in hydrogen bonding, and turns are rarely found in the hydrophobic core. Below are three different protein folds highlighting the position of turns.
Turns in an all-alpha protein
In this protein, you can see beta turns connecting the anti-parallel alpha helices. You can on the turn shown in the initial scene (and used below to explore conformations).
Turns in an all-beta protein
In this , you can see beta turns connecting the strands of anti-parallel beta sheets. Here is an alternate representation using .
Turns in an alpha/beta protein
In this , you can see beta turns connecting helices and strands. Here is an alternate representation using .
Exploring turns
The interactive Jmol window shows a (residues 67-70 of the 2hmr structure shown previously) that you can explore. Four consecutive amino acids are said to form a beta turn if the alpha carbon atoms of the first and the fourth residue are in close proximity (less than 7.0 or 7.5 Angstrom[1]). However, this also happens in alpha helices and 3(10) helices, and these are not classified as beta turn.
In the structure fragment shown, the alpha carbon atoms are numbered 1 through 4 (relative numbering, sometimes also given as n, n+1, n+2, n+3), and the distance between the carbonyl oxygen and the amide hydrogen is indicated (dashed line and magnitude). Side chains are truncated to just show the beta carbon, and residues 1 and 4 have some main chain omitted for clarity.
Another way of looking at it is that turns consist of three , whose relative orientation is determined by the phi/psi angles of residue 2 and 3.
The buttons below allow you to modify the conformation of the turn by changing the relevant torsion angles. To get a low energy conformation, you want a good hydrogen bond, i.e. carbonyl oxygen, amide hydrogen and nitrogen colinear , and want to avoid any clashes, e.g. carbonyl oxygen too close to beta carbon of the side chains.
Phi 2 3
Psi 2 3
Excercise 1
Try to use the buttons to make a type 1 turn with the features shown below. This is the most common beta turn (about one third are of this type). Are there any clashes? How is the different from an alpha helix (where all carbonyl groups are pointing in the same direction)?
Excercise 2
And now try to get a type I prime conformation, as shown below. This turn is rare (about 4% of beta turns are of this type). Hint: the pepflip button might serve as a bit of a shortcut. Why is that? Are there any clashes? If you had to choose, would you place a glycine at position 2 or position 3?
Phi 2 3
Psi 2 3
Exercise 3
Compare and contrast the two turns we discussed, and compare them to alpha helix and beta sheet. Clicking the buttons will preserve the orientation of the 2->3 peptide plane while adjusting the torsion angles. You can press the last button to flip the entire molecules as a rigid body (different from the pepflip button above, which changes torsion angles).
Here are some possible things to discuss: the orientation of the carbonyl groups, hydrogen bonding patterns, potential clashes of side chains with the main chain secondary structure conformation, regions of the Ramachandran plot, distance of certain pairs of atoms, cis and trans peptides (what?).
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