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| - | {{STRUCTURE_2abx | PDB=2abx | SCENE= }}
| + | <Structure load='1stp' size='300' frame='true' align='right' caption='test' scene='' /> |
| - | =Alpha-Bungarotoxin=
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| - | Alpha-Bungarotoxin (α-BGT) is a nicotinic cholinergic antagonist that is found within the venom of ''Bungarus multicinctus'', a South-asian snake belonging to a group commonly known as kraits. Belonging to the Elapidae Family, which consist of cobras, kraits, tiger snakes, and mambas, the venom of ''Bungarus multicuntus'' is a complex mixture of many different molecules<ref name="main">Love, A.R (FINISH)</ref> α-BGT belongs to a family of homologous proteins that act as a neurotoxic agent in the venom of these snakes. α-BGT is known to bind irreversibly to the acetylcholine receptor found at the neuromuscular junction, causing respiratory failure, paralysis, and death, as well as play an antagonstic role in binding the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in the brain.
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| - | =General Structure=
| + | * <scene name='Sandbox_174/Xx1/1'>Always reload</scene> |
| - | [[Image:alpha-bungarotoxin1.PNG]]
| + | * <scene name='Sandbox_174/Xx1/2'>Reload when needed</scene> |
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| - | A large amount of highly homologous snake neurotoxins have been sequenced (>60), and can be grouped into two major classes. Short neurotoxins are between 60-62 amino acids long, and consist of four disulphide bonds, and long neurotoxins, which α-BGT falls under, are between 71-74 amino acids long and contain five <scene name='Sandbox_174/Disulphides/2'>Disulphide Bonds</scene>. α-BGT contains 74 amino acids, and is one of the major components of ''Bungarus multicuntus'' venom. Chemical modifications of individual residues has shown that no single amino acid is mandatory for binding, signifying the significance of structure, rather than sequence, and the concept of multicontact interaction with the acetylcholine receptor <ref> Karlsson, 1979;Low 1979</ref>. The importance of structure in binding has been tested by Love & Stroud (1986)<ref name="main">Love, A.R. Stroud, R.M. (1986) The Crystal Structure of α-Bungarotoxin at 2.5 Å resolution: Relation to Solution Structure and Binding to Acetylcholine Receptor. ''Protein Eng'' 1:37-46.</ref> by determining whether the homology and common mode of action of neurotoxins is facilitated by the three-dimensional structure. Using X-ray crystallography at various resolutions, neurotoxins erabutoxin and cobratoxin were compared to that of α-BGT to determine the level of three-dimensional similarity.
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| - | The overall size of the molecule is 40 x 30 x 20 Å, with two outer loops folded toward one another. α-BGT is "flat" enough to contain no hydrophobic core, but does contain a few uncharged sidechain groupings<ref name="main">Love, A.R. Stroud, R.M. (FINISH)</ref>.
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| - | <scene name='Sandbox_174/Domain_b/3'>Domain A</scene> | + | |
| - | <scene name='Sandbox_174/Domain_a/3'>Domain B</scene> | + | |
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| - | ==Secondary structure & Disulphide bonds==
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| - | Hydrogen bods present allow for an antiparallel β-sheet, which is the only secondary structure present and acts to keep the second and third loops roughly parallel<ref name="main">Love, A.R (FINISH)</ref>. The three-loop structure is preserved by four invariant disulphide bridges, which are present in all neurotoxins. The fifth disulphide bridge is located at the end of the second loop, and can be reduced without any effect on the binding affinity of the molecule, while a total loss of toxicity is demonstrated when the remaining disulphides are reduced, producing a random coil structure much different than the native conformation<ref name="main">Love, A.R (FINISH)</ref>.
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| - | The comination of the multiple disulphide bonds and small amount of secondary structure is the cause for the extreme stability of neurotoxins like α-BGT, providing resistance to denaturing forces such as boiling<ref> Tu et al. 1971;Yang et al. 1975)</ref> and strong acids<ref>Chiceportiche et al.1972;Chen et al. 1982)</ref>. Functionally important residues contained in the extended loops are preserved by the clustering of disulphides near one end of the α-BGT molecule. This is due to an increased amount of flexibility in these extended loops, which is possibly quite important for interaction with acetylcholine receptors.
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| - | =Functions=
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| - | Elapidae neurotoxins bind specifically and tightly (with a very high affinity) in a non-covalent manner to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in cholinergic synapses of their victims. This prevents normal neurotransmitter-induced channel opening, which in turn blocks postsynaptic membrane depolarization<ref name="main">Love. A.R (FINISH)</ref>.
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| - | ==neuromuscular acetylcholine receptor binding==
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| - | ==α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding==
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| - | Reponse to sensory stimuli and seizure genesis has been linked to nicotinic mechanisms<ref>Freedman, R. Wetmore, C. Stromberg, I. Leonard, S. Olsona, L. (1993) Alpha-Bungarotoxin Binding to Hippocampal Interneurons: lmmunocytochemical Characterization and Effects on Growth Factor Expression. ''Journal of Neuroscience'' 13:1965-1975. </ref>, which are mediated by two major classes of receptors: Ganglionic type, and neuromuscular type, which pharmacological analysis of seizure genesis and habituation in the rat brain is thought to be mediated by the latter type <ref> Miner and Collin, 1989;Luntz-Leybman et al. 1992 </ref>. α-BGT demonstrates this relationship due to its prominent binding in the CA3 region of the hippocampus <ref> Hunt and Schmidt, 1978;Segal et al.,1978;Clarke et al. 1985 </ref>.
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| - | =References=
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| - | <references/>
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| - | <scene name='Sandbox_174/Newscene/1'>All residues</scene>
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| - | <table style="background-color:#ffffc0" cellpadding="8" width="95%" border="0"><tr><td>Please do NOT make changes to this Sandbox until after April 23, 2010. Sandboxes 151-200 are reserved until then for use by the Chemistry 307 class at UNBC taught by Prof.[[User:Andrea Gorrell|Andrea Gorrell]].</td></tr>
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