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Thioredoxin

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[[Image:1ert.png|left|200px|thumb|Crystal Structure of Thioredoxin [[1ert]]]]
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<StructureSection load='' size='350' side='right' caption='Human thioredoxin (PDB entry [[1ert]])' scene='43/430885/Cv/2'>
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{{STRUCTURE_1ert| PDB=1ert | SIZE=300| SCENE=Thioredoxin/Cv/1 |right|CAPTION=Thioredoxin [[1ert]] }}
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[[Thioredoxin]] (Trx) is an enzyme which facilitates the reduction of proteins by cysteine thiol-disulfide exchange. They contain a CXXC motif. Trx-1 is a mammalian cellular protein. Trx-2 is mitochondria-specific. In higher plants, Trx are divided to 6 groups based on their sequence. Trx M, X and Y are found in prokaryotes while F, H and O are found in eukaryotes. The images at the left and at the right correspond to one representative Trx, ''i.e.'' the crystal structure of human Thioredoxin ([[1ert]]).
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== Function ==
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[[Thioredoxin]] (Trx) is an enzyme which facilitates, in its reduced form, the reduction of proteins by cysteine thiol-disulfide exchange<ref>PMID:3152490</ref>. They contain a CXXC motif.<br />
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* '''Trx-1''' is a mammalian cellular protein.<br />
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* '''Trx-2''' is mitochondria-specific.<br />
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* '''Trx C,M,X,Y''' are found in prokaryotes.<br />
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* '''Trx F,H,O''' are found in eukaryotes.<br />
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{{TOC limit|limit=2}}
 
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== 3D Structures of Thioredoxin ==
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== Relevance ==
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Serum Trx level is a predictor of steatohepatitis<ref>PMID:12480557</ref>.
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== Disease ==
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Trx is involved in a wide range of human diseases and conditions including cancer, viral diseases, aging, cardiac conditions and more<ref>PMID:15990177</ref>.
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== Structural highlights ==
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The <scene name='43/430885/Cv/4'>active site motif Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys</scene> is involved in the reduction of disulfide bonds in proteins<ref>PMID:8805557</ref>
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=== Trx ===
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== 3D Structures of Thioredoxin ==
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[[Thioredoxin 3D structures]]
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[[3e3e]], [[2hsh]], [[1aiu]], [[1erv]], [[1erw]] – hTrx (mutant) – human<br />
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[[1cqg]], [[1cqh]] - hTrx (mutant)+Ref-1 peptide – NMR<br />
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[[1mdi]], [[1mdj]], [[1mdk]] - hTrx + Target peptide of NFKB – NMR<br />
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[[2hxk]], [[2ifq]], [[2iiy]] – hTrx S-nitroso<br />
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[[1auc]], [[1ert]], [[1eru]], [[1trs]], [[1tru]], [[1trv]], [[1trw]], [[3trx]], [[4trx]] - hTrx<br />
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[[3hxs]] – BfTrx fragment – ''Bacteroides fragilis''<br />
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[[3hyp]] - BfrxI fragment (mutant)<br />
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[[3hz4]] – Trx – ''Methanosarcina mazei''<br />
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[[2k9f]] - Trx fragment+DsbD N-terminal – ''Neisseria meningitides'' – NMR<br />
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[[3die]] – SaTrx (mutant) – ''Staphylococcus aureus''<br />
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[[2voc]] - BsTrx (mutant) – ''Bacillus subtilis''<br />
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[[2gzy]], [[2gzz]] – BsTrx – NMR<br />
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[[2ipa]] – BsTrx (mutant)+ArcS (mutant) - NMR<br />
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[[2h6x]], [[2trx]], [[1srx]] – EcTrx<br />
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[[1xoa]], [[1xob]] – EcTrx - NMR<br />
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[[1m7t]] – hTrx/EcTrx chimera - NMR<br />
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[[3dxb]] – hTrx+Puf60 C-terminal<br />
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[[3emx]] – Trx – ''Aeropyrum pernix''<br />
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[[2vim]] – Trx – ''Fasciola hepatica''<br />
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[[2yzu]], [[2cvk]], [[1v98]] – TtTrx – ''Thermus thermophilus''<br />
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[[2e0q]] – Trx (mutant) – ''Sulfolobus tokodaii''<br />
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[[2o7k]] – SaTrx<br />
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[[2o85]], [[2o87]], [[2o89]] – SaTrx (mutant)<br />
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[[2i4a]] – Trx – ''Acetobacter aceti''<br />
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[[2j23]] – Trx – ''Malassezia sympodialis''<br />
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[[2f51]] – Trx – ''Trichomonas vaginalis''<br />
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[[1t00]] – Trx – ''Streptomyces coelicolor''<br />
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[[1xw9]], [[1xwa]], [[1xwb]], [[1xwc]] – Trx – ''Drosophila melanogaster''<br />
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[[1rqm]], [[1nsw]], [[1nw2]] – Trx (mutant) – ''Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius'' – NMR<br />
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[[1syr]] – Trx – ''Plasmodium falciparum''<br />
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[[1r26]] – Trx – ''Trypanosoma brucei brucei''<br />
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[[1gl8]] – Trx – spinach- NMR<br />
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[[1fo5]] – Trx – ''Methanocaldococcus janaschii'' – NMR<br />
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[[1quw]] – Trx – ''Bacillus acidocaldarius'' – NMR
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=== Trx-1 ===
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3f3q, 2i9h – yTrx-1 – yeast
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3f3r – yTrx-1 (mutant)
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3dyr, 2h6y, 2h6z, 2h70, 2h71, 2h72, 2h73, 2h74, 2h75, 2h76, 2fch, 2fd3, 1keb, 2eio, 2eiq, 2eir, 1zcp, 1zzy, 1txx, 1tho, 1tir – EcTrx-1 (mutant) – Escherichia coli
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1f6m – EcTrx-1+Trx reductase+AADP+
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2ajq – EpTrx-1 (mutant)+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase – Enterobacteria phage T7
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1zyq – EpTrx-1 (mutant)+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ATP
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1x9m, 1x9s, 1x9w – EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+N-2-acetylaminofluorene-adducted DNA
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1t8e – EpTrx-1 +DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+dCTP
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1tk0 – EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ddCTP+8-oxo-guanosine
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1tk5 - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+8-oxo-guanosine
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1tk8 - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+dAMP+8-oxo-guanosine
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1tkd - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+dCMP+8-oxo-guanosine
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1skr - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ddATP
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1sks, 1skw, 1sl0, 1sl1, 1sl2 - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+thymine
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1t7p - EpTrx-1+DNA primer+DNA template+DNA polymerase+ddAMP+ddGTP
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2bto – Trx-1+tubulin btuba – prosthecobacter dejongeii
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1oaz – Trx-1+immunoglobulin E – rat
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=== Trx-2 ===
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1w4v, 1w89, 1uvz – hTrx-2
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3hhv – Trx-2 fragment – Sulfolobus solfataricus
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2fa4 – yTrx-2
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2ppt – Trx-2 – Rhodobacter capsulatus
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2hsy – yTrx-2 - NMR
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1thx – Trx-2 – Anabaena
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=== Trx-3 ===
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2oe0, 2oe1, 2oe3 – yTrx-3
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=== Trx C ===
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2i1u – Trx C – ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''
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=== Trx F ===
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2pu9 – SsTrx F+ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase – Synechocystis
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2pvo - SsTrx F+ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase+ferredoxin 1
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1f9m – sTrx F – spinach
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1faa - sTrx F (mutant)
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=== Trx H ===
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3d21 – pTrx H – poplar
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3d22 - pTrx H (mutant)
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1ti3 - pTrx H - NMR
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2vlt, 2vlu, 2vlv, 2vm1, 2vm2 - bTrx H – barley
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2iwt - bTrx H+alpha-amylase subtilisin inhibitor
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1wmj – Trx H – Oryza sativa – NMR
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1xfl – Trx H – Arabidopsis thaliana - NMR
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1ep7 – CrTrx H – Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
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1ep8 - CrTrx H (mutant)
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1tof - CrTrx H - NMR
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=== Trx M ===
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</StructureSection>
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2puk - SsTrx M+ferredoxin thioredoxin reductase
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== References ==
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1fb0, 1fb6 - sTrx M
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<references/>
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[[Category:Topic Page]]

Current revision

Human thioredoxin (PDB entry 1ert)

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References

  1. ↑ Gleason FK, Holmgren A. Thioredoxin and related proteins in procaryotes. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 1988 Dec;4(4):271-97. PMID:3152490
  2. ↑ Sumida Y, Nakashima T, Yoh T, Furutani M, Hirohama A, Kakisaka Y, Nakajima Y, Ishikawa H, Mitsuyoshi H, Okanoue T, Kashima K, Nakamura H, Yodoi J. Serum thioredoxin levels as a predictor of steatohepatitis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2003 Jan;38(1):32-8. PMID:12480557
  3. ↑ Burke-Gaffney A, Callister ME, Nakamura H. Thioredoxin: friend or foe in human disease? Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2005 Aug;26(8):398-404. PMID:15990177 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2005.06.005
  4. ↑ Weichsel A, Gasdaska JR, Powis G, Montfort WR. Crystal structures of reduced, oxidized, and mutated human thioredoxins: evidence for a regulatory homodimer. Structure. 1996 Jun 15;4(6):735-51. PMID:8805557

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