3u69
From Proteopedia
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| - | [[Image:3u69.jpg|left|200px]] | ||
| - | < | + | ==Unliganded wild-type human thrombin== |
| - | + | <StructureSection load='3u69' size='340' side='right'caption='[[3u69]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 1.55Å' scene=''> | |
| - | + | == Structural highlights == | |
| - | or the | + | <table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[3u69]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=3U69 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=3U69 FirstGlance]. <br> |
| - | + | </td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 1.55Å</td></tr> | |
| - | - | + | <tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=BCN:BICINE'>BCN</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=CL:CHLORIDE+ION'>CL</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=IOD:IODIDE+ION'>IOD</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=MPD:(4S)-2-METHYL-2,4-PENTANEDIOL'>MPD</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=MRD:(4R)-2-METHYLPENTANE-2,4-DIOL'>MRD</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=NA:SODIUM+ION'>NA</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=NAG:N-ACETYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE'>NAG</scene></td></tr> |
| - | + | <tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=3u69 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=3u69 OCA], [https://pdbe.org/3u69 PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=3u69 RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/3u69 PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=3u69 ProSAT]</span></td></tr> | |
| + | </table> | ||
| + | == Disease == | ||
| + | [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/THRB_HUMAN THRB_HUMAN] Defects in F2 are the cause of factor II deficiency (FA2D) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/613679 613679]. It is a very rare blood coagulation disorder characterized by mucocutaneous bleeding symptoms. The severity of the bleeding manifestations correlates with blood factor II levels.<ref>PMID:14962227</ref> <ref>PMID:6405779</ref> <ref>PMID:3771562</ref> <ref>PMID:3567158</ref> <ref>PMID:3801671</ref> <ref>PMID:3242619</ref> <ref>PMID:2719946</ref> <ref>PMID:1354985</ref> <ref>PMID:1421398</ref> <ref>PMID:1349838</ref> <ref>PMID:7865694</ref> <ref>PMID:7792730</ref> Genetic variations in F2 may be a cause of susceptibility to ischemic stroke (ISCHSTR) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/601367 601367]; also known as cerebrovascular accident or cerebral infarction. A stroke is an acute neurologic event leading to death of neural tissue of the brain and resulting in loss of motor, sensory and/or cognitive function. Ischemic strokes, resulting from vascular occlusion, is considered to be a highly complex disease consisting of a group of heterogeneous disorders with multiple genetic and environmental risk factors.<ref>PMID:15534175</ref> Defects in F2 are the cause of thrombophilia due to thrombin defect (THPH1) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/188050 188050]. It is a multifactorial disorder of hemostasis characterized by abnormal platelet aggregation in response to various agents and recurrent thrombi formation. Note=A common genetic variation in the 3-prime untranslated region of the prothrombin gene is associated with elevated plasma prothrombin levels and an increased risk of venous thrombosis. Defects in F2 are associated with susceptibility to pregnancy loss, recurrent, type 2 (RPRGL2) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/614390 614390]. A common complication of pregnancy, resulting in spontaneous abortion before the fetus has reached viability. The term includes all miscarriages from the time of conception until 24 weeks of gestation. Recurrent pregnancy loss is defined as 3 or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.<ref>PMID:11506076</ref> | ||
| + | == Function == | ||
| + | [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/THRB_HUMAN THRB_HUMAN] Thrombin, which cleaves bonds after Arg and Lys, converts fibrinogen to fibrin and activates factors V, VII, VIII, XIII, and, in complex with thrombomodulin, protein C. Functions in blood homeostasis, inflammation and wound healing.<ref>PMID:2856554</ref> | ||
| + | <div style="background-color:#fffaf0;"> | ||
| + | == Publication Abstract from PubMed == | ||
| + | The tremendous social and economic impact of thrombotic disorders, together with the considerable risks associated to the currently available therapies, prompt for the development of more efficient and safer anticoagulants. Novel peptide-based thrombin inhibitors were identified using in silico structure-based design and further validated in vitro. The best candidate compounds contained both l- and d-amino acids, with the general sequence d-Phe(P3)-Pro(P2)-d-Arg(P1)-P1'-CONH(2). The P1' position was scanned with l- and d-isomers of natural or unnatural amino acids, covering the major chemical classes. The most potent non-covalent and proteolysis-resistant inhibitors contain small hydrophobic or polar amino acids (Gly, Ala, Ser, Cys, Thr) at the P1' position. The lead tetrapeptide, d-Phe-Pro-d-Arg-d-Thr-CONH(2), competitively inhibits alpha-thrombin's cleavage of the S2238 chromogenic substrate with a K(i) of 0.92 microM. In order to understand the molecular details of their inhibitory action, the three-dimensional structure of three peptides (with P1' l-isoleucine (fPrI), l-cysteine (fPrC) or d-threonine (fPrt)) in complex with human alpha-thrombin were determined by X-ray crystallography. All the inhibitors bind in a substrate-like orientation to the active site of the enzyme. The contacts established between the d-Arg residue in position P1 and thrombin are similar to those observed for the l-isomer in other substrates and inhibitors. However, fPrC and fPrt disrupt the active site His57-Ser195 hydrogen bond, while the combination of a P1 d-Arg and a bulkier P1' residue in fPrI induce an unfavorable geometry for the nucleophilic attack of the scissile bond by the catalytic serine. The experimental models explain the observed relative potency of the inhibitors, as well as their stability to proteolysis. Moreover, the newly identified direct thrombin inhibitors provide a novel pharmacophore platform for developing antithrombotic agents by exploring the conformational constrains imposed by the d-stereochemistry of the residues at positions P1 and P1'. | ||
| - | + | Rational design and characterization of d-phe-pro-d-arg-derived direct thrombin inhibitors.,Figueiredo AC, Clement CC, Zakia S, Gingold J, Philipp M, Pereira PJ PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e34354. Epub 2012 Mar 23. PMID:22457833<ref>PMID:22457833</ref> | |
| + | From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br> | ||
| + | </div> | ||
| + | <div class="pdbe-citations 3u69" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div> | ||
| - | + | ==See Also== | |
| - | + | *[[Thrombin 3D Structures|Thrombin 3D Structures]] | |
| - | + | == References == | |
| - | + | <references/> | |
| - | + | __TOC__ | |
| - | + | </StructureSection> | |
| - | == | + | |
| - | [[ | + | |
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[[Category: Homo sapiens]] | [[Category: Homo sapiens]] | ||
| - | [[Category: | + | [[Category: Large Structures]] |
| - | [[Category: | + | [[Category: Barbosa Pereira PJ]] |
| - | [[Category: | + | [[Category: Clement CC]] |
| - | [[Category: | + | [[Category: Figueiredo AC]] |
| - | [[Category: Philipp | + | [[Category: Philipp M]] |
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Current revision
Unliganded wild-type human thrombin
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