Galectin

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<StructureSection load='1hlc' size='400' side='right' caption='Structure of human galectin-1 complex with lactose (PDB entry [[1hlc]])' scene=''>
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<StructureSection load='' size='350' side='right' caption='Structure of human galectin-1 complex with lactose, mercaptoethanol and sulfate (PDB entry [[1w6o]])' scene='51/516488/Cv/1'>
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__TOC__
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== Function ==
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'''Galectin''' (GAL) are lectins which bind beta-galactosidase (BGAL). GAL contains a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). GAL are known to inhibit chronic inflammation. The CRD is a beta-sandwich long enough to bind a tetrasaccharide. GAL-1 is thought to play a role as autocrine negative growth factor that regulates cell proliferation. GAL-2 is expressed primarily in gastrointestinal tract. GAL-3 has broad biological functionality. GAL-4 has 2 CRDs. GAL-7 is associated with epithelial cells. GAL-8 has a role in cellular defence against bacterial infection and vacuolar damage. GAL-9 affects eosinophil survival. GAL-10 or Charcot-Leyden crystal protein acts on biological membranes to regulate the multifunctional lysophospholipids.
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'''Galectin''' or '''galactoside-binding soluble lectin''' (GAL) are lectins which bind β-galactosidase (BGAL). GAL contains a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) residues 113-250<ref>PMID:8063692</ref>. <br />
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* GAL-1 is thought to play a role as autocrine negative growth factor that regulates cell proliferation.<br />
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* GAL-2 is expressed primarily in gastrointestinal tract.<br />
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* GAL-3 has broad biological functionality.<br />
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* GAL-4 has 2 CRDs.<br />
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* GAL-5 is found in rat is a β-galactoside binding lectin<ref>PMID:19903899</ref>.<br />
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* GAL-7 is associated with epithelial cells.<br />
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* GAL-8 has a role in cellular defense against bacterial infection and vacuolar damage.<br />
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* GAL-9 affects eosinophil survival. <br />
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* GAL-10 or Charcot-Leyden crystal protein acts on biological membranes to regulate the multifunctional lysophospholipids.<br />
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* GAL-13 is a placental protein which does not bind β-galactosides.<br />
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==3D structures of galectin==
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== Relevance ==
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===Galectin-1===
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GAL are known to inhibit chronic inflammation<ref>PMID:20146714</ref>. GAL-3 has a role in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and melanoma methastasis<ref>PMID:22418727</ref>.
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[[1slt]], [[1sla]], [[1slb]], [[1slc]] – GAL-1 + BGAL – bovine<br />
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== Structural highlights ==
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[[1hlc]] – hGAL-1 + lactose – human<br />
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[[2km2]] – hGAL-1 -NMR<BR />
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[[1w6n]], [[1w6q]] - hGAL-1 (mutant) <br />
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[[1w6o]], [[2zkn]] – hGAL-1 (mutant) + lactose<br />
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[[1w6p]] – hGAL-1 (mutant) + acetyl lactosamine<br />
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[[1gzw]] – hGAL-1 + BGAL<br />
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[[1w6m]] – hGAL(mutant) + BGAL<br />
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[[3oy8]] – hGAL-1 + lactobionic acid<br />
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[[3oyw]] - hGAL-1 + thio-digalactoside<br />
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[[3t2t]] – hGAL-1 + inhibitor<br />
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[[1gan]] – tGAL-1 + BGAL – toad<br />
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[[1a78]] – tGAL-1 + thio-digalactose<br />
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[[3m2m]] - GAL-1 + lactose – rat
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===Galectin-2===
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The CRD is a β-sandwich long enough to bind a tetrasaccharide. A <scene name='51/516488/Cv/4'>lactose ligand is bound at the concave face of the β-sheet</scene><ref>PMID:15476813</ref>. Water molecules shown as red spheres.
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[[1ul9]] – CchGAL-2 – ''Coprinopsis cinerea''<br />
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==3D structures of galectin==
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[[1ulc]] – CcGAL-2 + lactose<br />
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[[Galectin 3D structures]]
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[[1ulg]] - CcGAL-2 + BGAL<br />
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[[1uld]], [[2wkk]] – CcGAL-2 + BGAL + fucose<br />
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[[1ule]], [[1ulf]] – CcGAL-2 + polysaccharide
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===Galectin-3===
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</StructureSection>
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[[3zsk]], [[3zsl]], [[3zsm]] – hGAL-3 CRD<br />
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== References ==
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[[1a3k]], [[1kjl]], [[2nmn]] – hGAL-3 CRD + BGAL<br />
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<references/>
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[[2nmo]] - hGAL-3 CRD + glucose + BGAL<br />
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[[2nn8]], [[3aye]], [[3zsj]] - hGAL-3 CRD + lactose<br />
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[[1kjr ]]– hGAL-3 CRD + acetyllactosamine<br />
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[[2xg3]], [[3t1l]], [[3t1m]] - hGAL-3 CRD + inhibitor<br />
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[[3aya]] - hGAL-3 CRD + antigen<br />
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[[3ayc]], [[3ayd]] - hGAL-3 CRD + polysaccharide
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===Galectin-4===
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[[Category:Topic Page]]
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[[1x50]] – hGAL-4 CRD – NMR<BR />
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[[2dyc]] – mGAL-4 CRD – mouse<br />
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[[3i8t]] – mGAL-4 + lactose<br />
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===Galectin-7===
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[[1bkz]], [[3zxf]] – hGAL-7<br />
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[[2gal]] - hGAL-7 + BGAL<br />
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[[3gal]] – hGAL-7 + galactosamine<br />
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[[5gal]] – hGAL-7 + acetyllactosamine<br />
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[[3zxe]] - hGAL-7 + inhibitor<br />
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===Galectin-8===
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[[2yro]] – hGAL-8 CRD – NMR<BR />
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[[3ap5]], [[3apb]] - hGAL-8 CRD<br />
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[[3ap4]], [[3ap6]] - hGAL-8 CRD + lactose<br />
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[[3ap7]] - hGAL-8 CRD + sialyllactose<br />
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[[3ap8]] - hGAL-8 CRD + polysaccharide<br />
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[[4fqz]] – hGAL-8 CRD (mutant) + glucose + BGAL<br />
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[[2yv8]] – hGAL-8 N terminal<br />
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[[3ojb]] - hGAL-8 C terminal<br />
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[[2yxs]] – hGAL-8 N terminal + lactose<br />
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[[2yy1]] – hGAL-8 N terminal + acetyllactosamine<br />
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===Galectin-9===
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[[2d6k]], [[2d6l]] – mGAL-9 CRD<br />
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[[2d6m]] – mGAL-9 CRD + lactose<br />
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[[2d6n]], [[2d6o]]– mGAL-9 CRD + acetyllactosamine<br />
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[[2d6p]] – mGAL-9 CRD + antigen<br />
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[[3lsd]] – hGAL-9 N terminal<br />
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[[3nv1]] – hGAL-9 CRD<br />
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[[3lse]] – hGAL-9 N terminal + lactose<br />
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[[2eak]] - hGAL-9 CRD + lactose<br />
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[[3nv4]] - hGAL-9 CRD + sialyllactose<br />
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[[2zhk]], [[2zhl]], [[2zhm]], [[2zhn]], [[3nv2]] - hGAL-9 CRD + acetyllactosamine<br />
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[[3nv3]] - hGAL-9 CRD + polysaccharide<br />
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[[2eal]] - mGAL-9 CRD + pentasaccharide
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===Galectin-10===
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[[1bkz]] – hGAL-10 + mannose<br />
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[[1hdk]] – hGAL-10 + PCMBS
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===Galectin===
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[[1ww4]] – AcGAL + NEUACA2-3-lacose – ''Agrocybe cylindracea''<br />
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[[1ww5]], [[1ww6]] – AcGAL + lactose derivative<br />
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[[1ww7]] – AcGAL
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[[4agg]], [[4agr]], [[4agv]] – GAL - ''Cinachyrella''
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</StructureSection>
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Current revision

Structure of human galectin-1 complex with lactose, mercaptoethanol and sulfate (PDB entry 1w6o)

Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate

References

  1. ↑ Barondes SH, Cooper DN, Gitt MA, Leffler H. Galectins. Structure and function of a large family of animal lectins. J Biol Chem. 1994 Aug 19;269(33):20807-10. PMID:8063692
  2. ↑ Barres C, Blanc L, Bette-Bobillo P, Andre S, Mamoun R, Gabius HJ, Vidal M. Galectin-5 is bound onto the surface of rat reticulocyte exosomes and modulates vesicle uptake by macrophages. Blood. 2010 Jan 21;115(3):696-705. doi: 10.1182/blood-2009-07-231449. Epub 2009, Nov 10. PMID:19903899 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-07-231449
  3. ↑ Liu FT, Rabinovich GA. Galectins: regulators of acute and chronic inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 Jan;1183:158-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05131.x. PMID:20146714 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05131.x
  4. ↑ Radosavljevic G, Volarevic V, Jovanovic I, Milovanovic M, Pejnovic N, Arsenijevic N, Hsu DK, Lukic ML. The roles of Galectin-3 in autoimmunity and tumor progression. Immunol Res. 2012 Apr;52(1-2):100-10. doi: 10.1007/s12026-012-8286-6. PMID:22418727 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12026-012-8286-6
  5. ↑ Lopez-Lucendo MF, Solis D, Andre S, Hirabayashi J, Kasai K, Kaltner H, Gabius HJ, Romero A. Growth-regulatory human galectin-1: crystallographic characterisation of the structural changes induced by single-site mutations and their impact on the thermodynamics of ligand binding. J Mol Biol. 2004 Oct 29;343(4):957-70. PMID:15476813 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2004.08.078

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