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Actin

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[[Image:3hbt.png|left|200px|thumb|Crystal Structure of Native G-actin [[3hbt]]]]
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<StructureSection load='3hbt' size='450' side='right' scene='43/430015/Cv/3' caption='Native G-actin with methyl-histidine complex with ATP, sulfate and Ca+2 ion (green) [[3hbt]]'>
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{{STRUCTURE_3hbt| PDB=3hbt | SIZE=400| SCENE=Actin/Cv/1 |right|CAPTION=Native G-actin with methyl-histidine complex with ATP, sulfate and Ca+2 ion [[3hbt]] }}
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[[Actin]] is a protein found in all eukaryotic cells. It is the monomer of two types of filaments: microfilaments which are part of the cytoskeleton and thin filaments which are part of muscles. Three isoforms of actin are identified: α (Aa) (or G-actin) found in muscle tissue, β (Ab) and γ (Ag) actins are components of the cytoskeleton. F-actin is Aa bound to ATP. The images at the left and at the right correspond to one representative Actin, ''i.e.'' the crystal structure of rabbit Native G-actin ([[3hbt]]). For more details see [[F-actin]] and [[Non-polymerizable monomeric actin]]. <scene name='Actin/Cv/2'>Click here to see the difference between 2 conformations of bovine Ag actin</scene> (PDB entries [[1hlu]] and [[2btf]]; morph was taken from [http://molmovdb.org/cgi-bin/movie.cgi Gallery of Morphs] of the [http://molmovdb.org Yale Morph Server]).
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== Function ==
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{{TOC limit|limit=2}}
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[[Actin]] is a protein found in all eukaryotic cells.<ref>PMID:11474115</ref> It is the monomer of two types of filaments: microfilaments which are part of the cytoskeleton and thin filaments which are part of muscles. Three isoforms of actin are identified: α (Aa) (or G-actin) found in muscle tissue, β (Ab) and γ (Ag) actins are components of the cytoskeleton. F-actin is Aa bound to ATP. For more details see:<br /> *[[F-actin]]<br /> *[[Non-polymerizable monomeric actin]].<br /> <scene name='Actin/Cv/2'>Click here to see the difference between 2 conformations of bovine Ag actin</scene> (PDB entries [[1hlu]] and [[2btf]]; morph was taken from [http://molmovdb.org/cgi-bin/movie.cgi Gallery of Morphs] of the [http://molmovdb.org Yale Morph Server]). Actin participates in muscle contraction, cell motility, cell division and cytokinesis. Actin associated with myosin is responsible for most cell movements.
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<br />
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*'''α actin''' is found exclusively in muscle fibres.<br />
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<br />
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*'''β actin''' is required for early embryonic development<ref>PMID:21900491</ref>.<br />
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<br />
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*'''γ actin''' is required for cytoskeletal maintenance<ref>PMID:19497859</ref>.
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<br />
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<br />
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== 3D Structures of Actin ==
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''Update January 2013''
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== Disease ==
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=== α actin 1 (Aa) ===
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Mutations in α-actin found in skeletal striated muscles can cause myopathy. Mutations in α-actin found in smooth muscles can cause thoracic aortic aneurism. Mutations in α-actin found in heart muscles can cause heart malfunctioning.
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[[2w49]] – cAa +troponin C+ troponin T+ troponin I+ tropomyosin α-1 – chicken<br />
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== Structural highlights ==
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[[1mdu]] – cAa+hGelsolin<br />
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[[3hbt]], [[2zwh]], [[1nwk]], [[1j6z]], [[3g37]], [[2y83]] – rAa – rabbit<br />
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[[4a7f]], [[4a7h]], [[4a7l]] – rAa + tropomyosin α-1 + myosin heavy chain (mutant) – Cryo EM<br />
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[[2q1n]], [[2q31]], [[2a5x]], [[1rdw]], [[1rfq]], [[1lcu]] – rAa – dimer<br />
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[[3mfp]], [[4a7n]] – rAa – Cryo EM<br />
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[[2q36]], [[1qz5]] – rAa+kabiramide C – dimer<br />
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[[2hmp]] – rAa – protease cleaved<br />
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[[2zwh]], [[2gwj]], [[2gwk]] – rAa-ATP<br />
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[[2vyp]] – rAa+myxobacterial rhizopodin<br />
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[[2v51]], [[2v52]], [[2yje]], [[2yjf]] – rAa+mMKL/Myocardin-like protein – mouse (m)<br />
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[[2vcp]] – rAa+ neural wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (hWASP) – human (h)<br />
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[[2a3z]], [[2a40]], [[2a41]] – rAa+cDNase I+domains of hWASP – cow (c)<br />
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[[2ff3]] - rAa+ hGelsolin +domains of hWASP <br />
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[[2a42]] – rAa+cDNase I<br />
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[[4eah]] – rAa + formin-like protein 3 FH2 domain<br />
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[[3daw]] – rAa+mTwinfilin-1<br />
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[[3buz]] – rAa+Iota toxin component IA<br />
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[[3b5u]] – rAa filament – fiber diffraction<br />
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[[1eqy]], [[3cjb]], [[1p8z]], [[3ffk]] – rAa+hGelsolin<br />
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[[1rgi]] - rAa+hoGelsolin – horse (ho)<br />
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[[1t44]] - rAa+hGelsolin:mThymosin β-4 <br />
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[[3u8x]] - rAa+DmThymosin β-4 - ''Drosophila melanogaster''<br />
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[[1esv]] - rAa+hGelsolin+ latrunculin A<br />
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[[3cjc]] - rAa+hGelsolin+cDNase I<br />
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[[2d1k]] - rAa+hWH2 domain of MIN+cDNase I<br />
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[[2pbd]] – rAa+hProfilin-1<br />
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[[2pav]] - rAa+hProfilin-1+hVASP<br />
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[[2q97]] – rAa+toxofilin – ''Toxoplasma gondii''<br />
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[[2q0r]] – rAa+pectenotoxin-2<br />
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[[2q0u]] - rAa+pectenotoxin-2+latrunculin B<br />
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[[1ijj]] - rAa+latrunculin A<br />
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[[2fxu]] – rAa+bistramide A<br />
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[[1wua]] – rAa+alpyronine A<br />
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[[2asm]], [[2asp]] – rAa+reidispongiolide<br />
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[[2aso]] – rAa+sphinxolide B<br />
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[[1yxq]] – rAa+swinholide A<br />
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[[1y64]] – rAa+yBNI1 domain FH2 - yeast<br />
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[[1sqk]] – rAa+DmCiboulot <br />
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[[3sjh]], [[3u9d]], [[3u9z]] - rAa+DmCiboulot thymosin β-4 domain<br />
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[[3mn5]] – rAa+ DmSpire WH2 domain<br />
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[[2ff6]] - rAa+DmCiboulot+hGelsolin <br />
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[[1s22]] – rAa+ulapualide A<br />
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[[1qz6]] – rAa+jaspisamide A<br />
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[[1lot]], [[1kxp]], [[1ma9]] – rAa+hVitamin D binding protein<br />
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[[3m1f]] – rAa+VOPL WH2 domain<br />
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[[3m3n]] – rAa+mN-WASP<br />
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[[3m6g]] – rAa+lobophorolide<br />
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[[3tpq]] – rAa + MAL RPEL domain<br />
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[[3ue5]] – rAa + spire domain D
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=== β actin (Ab) ===
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<scene name='43/430015/Cv/10'>Actin binds ATP</scene> in a cleft. Water molecules are shown as red spheres. <scene name='43/430015/Cv/13'>ATP and Ca2+ ion are located in cleft</scene>. <scene name='43/430015/Cv/11'>Click here to see Ca2+ ion coordination site</scene>.<ref>PMID:20540085</ref> It changes its conformation upon hydrolysis of its bound ATP to ADP. Actin filaments are polar. They are formed with all monomers having their clefts pointing in the same direction.
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[[3lue]] – hAb+hAlpha-actinin <br />
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== 3D Structures of Actin ==
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[[3byh]] – hAb+hFimbrin ABD2 – Cryo EM<br />
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[[Actin 3D structures]]
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[[2oan]] – cAb<br />
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[[3j0s]] – cAb + cofilin 2<br />
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[[3u4l]], [[3ub5]] – Ab + profilin-1 - bovine
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=== γ 1 actin (Ag) ===
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</StructureSection>
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[[1atn]] – rAg+cDNase I<br />
 
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[[3chw]] – Major DdAg+hProfilin+poly-Pro repeat – ''Dictyostelium discoideum''<br />
 
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[[3ci5]], [[3cip]], [[1nmd]] - Major DdAg+hGelsolin<br />
 
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[[3a5l]], [[3a5m]], [[3a5n]], [[3a5o]] - Major DdAg+hGelsolin (mutant)<br />
 
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[[1c0g]], [[1dej]] – DdAg:tetrahymenatA+hGelsolin<br />
 
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[[1nm1]] - DdAg+hGelsolin+Mg-ATP<br />
 
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[[1nlv]], [[1c0f]] – DdAg+hGelsolin<br />
 
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[[1d4x]] – Ag 1/3+hGelsolin – ''C. elegans''<br />
 
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[[1h1v]] – hAg+rGelsolin<br />
 
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[[1hlu]], [[2btf]] – cA+cProfilin<br />
 
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[[1o1g]], [[1o1a]], [[1o1b]], [[1o1c]], [[1o1d]], [[1o1e]], [[1o1f]], [[1o18]], [[1o19]], [[1mvw]], [[1m8q]] –cAg+cMyosin II - tomography<br />
 
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[[3eks]] – DmAg 5c (mutant)<br />
 
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[[3eku]] – DmAg 5c (mutant)+cytochalasin D<br />
 
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[[3el2]], [[2hf4]] - DmAg 5c (mutant)+Ca-ATP<br />
 
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[[2hf3]] - DmAg 5c (mutant)+Ca-ADP<br />
 
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[[3b63]] – actin filament – ''Limulus polyphemus''<br />
 
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[[1yvn]] – yA (mutant)+hGelsolin <br />
 
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[[1yag]] - yA+hGelsolin<br />
 
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[[3mmv]] – DmA-5C+spire WH2 domain<br />
 
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[[3mn6]], [[3mn7]], [[3mn9]] - DmA-5C (mutant)+spire<br />
 
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[[4efh]] – A + spire domains C,D – ''Acanthamoeba castellanii''
 
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== Reference ==
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<references/>
[[Category:Topic Page]]
[[Category:Topic Page]]

Current revision

Native G-actin with methyl-histidine complex with ATP, sulfate and Ca+2 ion (green) 3hbt

Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate


Reference

  1. ↑ Otterbein LR, Graceffa P, Dominguez R. The crystal structure of uncomplexed actin in the ADP state. Science. 2001 Jul 27;293(5530):708-11. PMID:11474115 doi:10.1126/science.1059700
  2. ↑ Bunnell TM, Burbach BJ, Shimizu Y, Ervasti JM. β-Actin specifically controls cell growth, migration, and the G-actin pool. Mol Biol Cell. 2011 Nov;22(21):4047-58. PMID:21900491 doi:10.1091/mbc.E11-06-0582
  3. ↑ Belyantseva IA, Perrin BJ, Sonnemann KJ, Zhu M, Stepanyan R, McGee J, Frolenkov GI, Walsh EJ, Friderici KH, Friedman TB, Ervasti JM. Gamma-actin is required for cytoskeletal maintenance but not development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Jun 16;106(24):9703-8. PMID:19497859 doi:10.1073/pnas.0900221106
  4. ↑ Wang H, Robinson RC, Burtnick LD. The structure of native G-actin. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken). 2010 Jul;67(7):456-65. PMID:20540085 doi:10.1002/cm.20458

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