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==Thioredoxin Reductase== | ==Thioredoxin Reductase== | ||
| - | Thioredoxin Reductase, <scene name='68/687328/Trxrwhole1/1'>TrxR,</scene> is a protein in the family of flavoproteins and whose function is very similar to proteins such as glutathione reductase. These types of proteins have two locations other than the active site for bot FAD and NADPH to bind, with the active site being the location of a oxidation/reduction reaction. This redox reaction targets the disulphide group of Thioredoxin in the active site. With the structure of TrxR varying slightly between the likes of bacteria, archaea, and other animals, the action of the family of TrxR remain the same. TrxR is utilized in the regulation of DNA translation and in apoptosis. Each member of the TrxR family has a different way to program the cell for death. These methods range from marking a protein with an extra amino acid to the reduction of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and even including protein repair. | + | Thioredoxin Reductase<ref> Genes and mapped phenotypes. (2015, April 27). Retrieved April 30, 2015, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7296. </ref>, <scene name='68/687328/Trxrwhole1/1'>TrxR,</scene> is a protein in the family of flavoproteins and whose function is very similar to proteins such as glutathione reductase. These types of proteins have two locations other than the active site for bot FAD and NADPH to bind, with the active site being the location of a oxidation/reduction reaction. This redox reaction targets the disulphide group of Thioredoxin in the active site. With the structure of TrxR varying slightly between the likes of bacteria, archaea, and other animals, the action of the family of TrxR remain the same. TrxR is utilized in the regulation of DNA translation and in apoptosis. Each member of the TrxR family has a different way to program the cell for death. These methods range from marking a protein with an extra amino acid to the reduction of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and even including protein repair<ref> Mustacich, D., & Powis, G. (2000). Thioredoxin reductase. Biochem J, 346, 1-8. </ref>. |
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<StructureSection load='2zbw' size='340' side='right' caption='Thioredoxin Reductase=''> | <StructureSection load='2zbw' size='340' side='right' caption='Thioredoxin Reductase=''> | ||
| - | This is a default text for your page ''''''. Click above on '''edit this page''' to modify. Be careful with the < and > signs. | ||
| - | You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia <ref>DOI 10.1002/ijch.201300024</ref> or to the article describing Jmol <ref>PMID:21638687</ref> to the rescue. | ||
== Function == | == Function == | ||
| - | TrxR severs several functions inside the cell. One function of TrxR is to reduce compounds such as H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> which This protein's mechanism is greatly related to the orientation of the FAD and NADPH domains. The disulphide is then reduced to Trx-(SH)<sub>2</sub> which is then used as a reducing agent for other compounds such as H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Without the proper orientation of the two domains (FAD and NADPH) the electrons would not travel from NADPH to the FAD thus preventing the reaction completely. | + | TrxR severs several functions inside the cell. One function of TrxR is to reduce compounds such as H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> which This protein's mechanism is greatly related to the orientation of the FAD and NADPH domains. The disulphide is then reduced to Trx-(SH)<sub>2</sub> which is then used as a reducing agent for other compounds such as H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Without the proper orientation of the two domains (FAD and NADPH) the electrons would not travel from NADPH to the FAD thus preventing the reaction completely.<ref> Mustacich, D., & Powis, G. (2000). Thioredoxin reductase. Biochem J, 346, 1-8. </ref><ref> Mustacich, D., & Powis, G. (2000). Thioredoxin reductase. Biochem J, 346, 1-8. </ref> |
| - | A second function of this protein is utilized in the regulation of DNA translation and in apoptosis. A normal stop codon (UGA, UAA, and UAG) stops the translation of the mRNA, but in the presence of TrxR an extra Selenocysteine is added to the end of the protein chain. This extra amino acid is what marks the structure for death inside the cell. Enough of these Selenocysteine structures in the cell and the entire cell will undergo apoptosis. | + | A second function of this protein is utilized in the regulation of DNA translation and in apoptosis. A normal stop codon (UGA, UAA, and UAG) stops the translation of the mRNA, but in the presence of TrxR an extra Selenocysteine is added to the end of the protein chain. This extra amino acid is what marks the structure for death inside the cell. Enough of these Selenocysteine structures in the cell and the entire cell will undergo apoptosis.<ref> Mustacich, D., & Powis, G. (2000). Thioredoxin reductase. Biochem J, 346, 1-8. </ref> |
== Disease == | == Disease == | ||
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== Relevance == | == Relevance == | ||
There needs to be be great surveillance on TrxR. Since the enzyme's action works specifically with cell death it needs to be highly regulated. Leaving TrxR unchecked could lead to too little or too much cell death. If TrxR is mutated or inhibited apoptosis is avoided tumors can form. | There needs to be be great surveillance on TrxR. Since the enzyme's action works specifically with cell death it needs to be highly regulated. Leaving TrxR unchecked could lead to too little or too much cell death. If TrxR is mutated or inhibited apoptosis is avoided tumors can form. | ||
| - | Targeting TrxR in cancer treatment is a new | + | Targeting TrxR in cancer treatment is a new idea that hopefully will halt the growth of the cancer cell and cause it to self-destroy itself.<ref> Liu, Y., Li, Y., Yu, S., & Zhao, G. (2012). Recent Advances in the Development of Thioredoxin Reductase Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents. Current Drug Targets, 1432-1444. </ref> |
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== Structural highlights == | == Structural highlights == | ||
The catalytic site for TrxR is a -Cys-Val-Asn-Val-Gly-Cys- group that is located by the FAD site allowing for the easy transport of the extra electrons from the FAD and NADPH to the Thioredoxin present in the active site. When Thioredoxin enters the active site, the NADPH is oriented 66º off of the FAD and that allows electrons to transfer from the NADPH to the FAD and through that to the active site of the enzyme and the disulphide that resides there. | The catalytic site for TrxR is a -Cys-Val-Asn-Val-Gly-Cys- group that is located by the FAD site allowing for the easy transport of the extra electrons from the FAD and NADPH to the Thioredoxin present in the active site. When Thioredoxin enters the active site, the NADPH is oriented 66º off of the FAD and that allows electrons to transfer from the NADPH to the FAD and through that to the active site of the enzyme and the disulphide that resides there. | ||
| - | + | This same part of the TrxR enzyme creates a <scene name='68/687328/A_and_c_trxr/1'>dimer</scene> with itself creating crystals with which can be used to further study TrxR. This will hopefully to produce better anti-cancer drugs in the future.<ref> Li, S., Zhang, J., Li, J., Chen, D., Matteucci, M., Curd, J., & Duan, J. (2009). Inhibition of Both Thioredoxin Reductase and Glutathione Reductase may Contribute to the Anticancer Mechanism of TH-302. Biological Trace Element Research, 294-301. </ref> | |
</StructureSection> | </StructureSection> | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
| - | <ref></ref> | ||
Current revision
Thioredoxin Reductase
Thioredoxin Reductase[1], is a protein in the family of flavoproteins and whose function is very similar to proteins such as glutathione reductase. These types of proteins have two locations other than the active site for bot FAD and NADPH to bind, with the active site being the location of a oxidation/reduction reaction. This redox reaction targets the disulphide group of Thioredoxin in the active site. With the structure of TrxR varying slightly between the likes of bacteria, archaea, and other animals, the action of the family of TrxR remain the same. TrxR is utilized in the regulation of DNA translation and in apoptosis. Each member of the TrxR family has a different way to program the cell for death. These methods range from marking a protein with an extra amino acid to the reduction of H2O2 and even including protein repair[2].
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References
- ↑ Genes and mapped phenotypes. (2015, April 27). Retrieved April 30, 2015, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7296.
- ↑ Mustacich, D., & Powis, G. (2000). Thioredoxin reductase. Biochem J, 346, 1-8.
- ↑ Mustacich, D., & Powis, G. (2000). Thioredoxin reductase. Biochem J, 346, 1-8.
- ↑ Mustacich, D., & Powis, G. (2000). Thioredoxin reductase. Biochem J, 346, 1-8.
- ↑ Mustacich, D., & Powis, G. (2000). Thioredoxin reductase. Biochem J, 346, 1-8.
- ↑ Liu, Y., Li, Y., Yu, S., & Zhao, G. (2012). Recent Advances in the Development of Thioredoxin Reductase Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents. Current Drug Targets, 1432-1444.
- ↑ Li, S., Zhang, J., Li, J., Chen, D., Matteucci, M., Curd, J., & Duan, J. (2009). Inhibition of Both Thioredoxin Reductase and Glutathione Reductase may Contribute to the Anticancer Mechanism of TH-302. Biological Trace Element Research, 294-301.
