5c9v

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==Structure of human Parkin G319A==
==Structure of human Parkin G319A==
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<StructureSection load='5c9v' size='340' side='right' caption='[[5c9v]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 2.35&Aring;' scene=''>
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<StructureSection load='5c9v' size='340' side='right'caption='[[5c9v]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 2.35&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
== Structural highlights ==
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<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[5c9v]] is a 1 chain structure. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=5C9V OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=5C9V FirstGlance]. <br>
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<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[5c9v]] is a 1 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=5C9V OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=5C9V FirstGlance]. <br>
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</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=GOL:GLYCEROL'>GOL</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=SO4:SULFATE+ION'>SO4</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=ZN:ZINC+ION'>ZN</scene></td></tr>
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</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 2.35&#8491;</td></tr>
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<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=5c9v FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=5c9v OCA], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=5c9v RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/5c9v PDBsum]</span></td></tr>
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<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=GOL:GLYCEROL'>GOL</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=SO4:SULFATE+ION'>SO4</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=ZN:ZINC+ION'>ZN</scene></td></tr>
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<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=5c9v FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=5c9v OCA], [https://pdbe.org/5c9v PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=5c9v RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/5c9v PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=5c9v ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
</table>
</table>
== Disease ==
== Disease ==
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[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/PRKN2_HUMAN PRKN2_HUMAN]] Defects in PARK2 are a cause of Parkinson disease (PARK) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/168600 168600]]. A complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by bradykinesia, resting tremor, muscular rigidity and postural instability. Additional features are characteristic postural abnormalities, dysautonomia, dystonic cramps, and dementia. The pathology of Parkinson disease involves the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the presence of Lewy bodies (intraneuronal accumulations of aggregated proteins), in surviving neurons in various areas of the brain. The disease is progressive and usually manifests after the age of 50 years, although early-onset cases (before 50 years) are known. The majority of the cases are sporadic suggesting a multifactorial etiology based on environmental and genetic factors. However, some patients present with a positive family history for the disease. Familial forms of the disease usually begin at earlier ages and are associated with atypical clinical features.<ref>PMID:10888878</ref> <ref>PMID:20889974</ref> <ref>PMID:19966284</ref> <ref>PMID:21376232</ref> <ref>PMID:11590439</ref> <ref>PMID:12925569</ref> <ref>PMID:11431533</ref> <ref>PMID:9560156</ref> <ref>PMID:17360614</ref> <ref>PMID:9731209</ref> <ref>PMID:10072423</ref> <ref>PMID:10939576</ref> <ref>PMID:10824074</ref> <ref>PMID:11179010</ref> <ref>PMID:11487568</ref> <ref>PMID:11163284</ref> <ref>PMID:12116199</ref> <ref>PMID:12112109</ref> <ref>PMID:12114481</ref> <ref>PMID:12397156</ref> <ref>PMID:11971093</ref> <ref>PMID:12362318</ref> <ref>PMID:12730996</ref> <ref>PMID:12629236</ref> <ref>PMID:20404107</ref> Defects in PARK2 are the cause of Parkinson disease type 2 (PARK2) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/600116 600116]]; also known as early-onset parkinsonism with diurnal fluctuation (EPDF) or autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson disease (PDJ). A neurodegenerative disorder characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, postural instability, tremor, and onset usually befor 40. It differs from classic Parkinson disease by early DOPA-induced dyskinesia, diurnal fluctuation of the symptoms, sleep benefit, dystonia and hyper-reflexia. Dementia is absent. Pathologically, patients show loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, similar to that seen in Parkinson disease; however, Lewy bodies (intraneuronal accumulations of aggregated proteins) are absent.<ref>PMID:20889974</ref> <ref>PMID:11590439</ref> <ref>PMID:9560156</ref> <ref>PMID:17360614</ref> <ref>PMID:9731209</ref> <ref>PMID:10072423</ref> <ref>PMID:10939576</ref> <ref>PMID:11487568</ref> <ref>PMID:11163284</ref> <ref>PMID:12112109</ref> Note=Defects in PARK2 may be involved in the development and/or progression of ovarian cancer.
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[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/PRKN_HUMAN PRKN_HUMAN] Young adult-onset Parkinsonism. Disease susceptibility may be associated with variations affecting the gene represented in this entry. Heterozygous mutations act as susceptibility alleles for late-onset Parkinson disease (PubMed:12730996 and PubMed:12629236). The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry. Defects in PRKN may be involved in the development and/or progression of ovarian cancer.
== Function ==
== Function ==
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[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/PRKN2_HUMAN PRKN2_HUMAN]] Functions within a multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, catalyzing the covalent attachment of ubiquitin moieties onto substrate proteins, such as BCL2, SYT11, CCNE1, GPR37, STUB1, a 22 kDa O-linked glycosylated isoform of SNCAIP, SEPT5, ZNF746 and AIMP2. Mediates monoubiquitination as well as 'Lys-48'-linked and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of substrates depending on the context. Participates in the removal and/or detoxification of abnormally folded or damaged protein by mediating 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of misfolded proteins such as PARK7: 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitinated misfolded proteins are then recognized by HDAC6, leading to their recruitment to aggresomes, followed by degradation. Mediates 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of SNCAIP, possibly playing a role in Lewy-body formation. Mediates monoubiquitination of BCL2, thereby acting as a positive regulator of autophagy. Promotes the autophagic degradation of dysfunctional depolarized mitochondria. Mediates 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination of ZNF746, followed by degradation of ZNF746 by the proteasome; possibly playing a role in role in regulation of neuron death. Limits the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Loss of this ubiquitin ligase activity appears to be the mechanism underlying pathogenesis of PARK2. May protect neurons against alpha synuclein toxicity, proteasomal dysfunction, GPR37 accumulation, and kainate-induced excitotoxicity. May play a role in controlling neurotransmitter trafficking at the presynaptic terminal and in calcium-dependent exocytosis. Regulates cyclin-E during neuronal apoptosis. May represent a tumor suppressor gene.<ref>PMID:10973942</ref> <ref>PMID:10888878</ref> <ref>PMID:12628165</ref> <ref>PMID:12719539</ref> <ref>PMID:15105460</ref> <ref>PMID:15728840</ref> <ref>PMID:16135753</ref> <ref>PMID:17846173</ref> <ref>PMID:19029340</ref> <ref>PMID:18541373</ref> <ref>PMID:20889974</ref> <ref>PMID:19966284</ref> <ref>PMID:21376232</ref> <ref>PMID:21532592</ref>
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[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/PRKN_HUMAN PRKN_HUMAN] Functions within a multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, catalyzing the covalent attachment of ubiquitin moieties onto substrate proteins, such as BCL2, SYT11, CCNE1, GPR37, RHOT1/MIRO1, MFN1, MFN2, STUB1, SNCAIP, SEPT5, TOMM20, USP30, ZNF746 and AIMP2 (PubMed:10973942, PubMed:10888878, PubMed:11431533, PubMed:12150907, PubMed:12628165, PubMed:16135753, PubMed:21376232, PubMed:23754282, PubMed:23620051, PubMed:24660806, PubMed:24751536). Mediates monoubiquitination as well as 'Lys-6', 'Lys-11', 'Lys-48'-linked and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of substrates depending on the context (PubMed:19229105, PubMed:20889974, PubMed:25621951). Participates in the removal and/or detoxification of abnormally folded or damaged protein by mediating 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of misfolded proteins such as PARK7: 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitinated misfolded proteins are then recognized by HDAC6, leading to their recruitment to aggresomes, followed by degradation (PubMed:17846173, PubMed:19229105). Mediates 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of a 22 kDa O-linked glycosylated isoform of SNCAIP, possibly playing a role in Lewy-body formation (PubMed:11590439, PubMed:11431533, PubMed:19229105, PubMed:11590439, PubMed:15728840). Mediates monoubiquitination of BCL2, thereby acting as a positive regulator of autophagy (PubMed:20889974). Promotes the autophagic degradation of dysfunctional depolarized mitochondria (mitophagy) by promoting the ubiquitination of mitochondrial proteins such as TOMM20, RHOT1/MIRO1 and USP30 (PubMed:19029340, PubMed:19966284, PubMed:23620051, PubMed:24896179, PubMed:25527291). Preferentially assembles 'Lys-6'-, 'Lys-11'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains following mitochondrial damage, leading to mitophagy (PubMed:25621951). Mediates 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination of ZNF746, followed by degradation of ZNF746 by the proteasome; possibly playing a role in the regulation of neuron death (PubMed:21376232). Limits the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Regulates cyclin-E during neuronal apoptosis. In collaboration with CHPF isoform 2, may enhance cell viability and protect cells from oxidative stress (PubMed:22082830). Independently of its ubiquitin ligase activity, protects from apoptosis by the transcriptional repression of p53/TP53 (PubMed:19801972). May protect neurons against alpha synuclein toxicity, proteasomal dysfunction, GPR37 accumulation, and kainate-induced excitotoxicity (PubMed:11439185). May play a role in controlling neurotransmitter trafficking at the presynaptic terminal and in calcium-dependent exocytosis. May represent a tumor suppressor gene.<ref>PMID:10888878</ref> <ref>PMID:10973942</ref> <ref>PMID:11431533</ref> <ref>PMID:11590439</ref> <ref>PMID:12628165</ref> <ref>PMID:12719539</ref> <ref>PMID:15105460</ref> <ref>PMID:15728840</ref> <ref>PMID:16135753</ref> <ref>PMID:17846173</ref> <ref>PMID:18541373</ref> <ref>PMID:19029340</ref> <ref>PMID:19229105</ref> <ref>PMID:19801972</ref> <ref>PMID:19966284</ref> <ref>PMID:20889974</ref> <ref>PMID:21376232</ref> <ref>PMID:21532592</ref> <ref>PMID:22082830</ref> <ref>PMID:23620051</ref> <ref>PMID:23754282</ref> <ref>PMID:23933751</ref> <ref>PMID:24660806</ref> <ref>PMID:24751536</ref> <ref>PMID:24784582</ref> <ref>PMID:24896179</ref> <ref>PMID:25527291</ref> <ref>PMID:25621951</ref>
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<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
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Mutations in the protein Parkin are associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease in men. Parkin is an E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligase of the structurally uncharacterized RING-in-between-RING(IBR)-RING (RBR) family, which, in an HECT-like fashion, forms a catalytic thioester intermediate with Ub. We here report the crystal structure of human Parkin spanning the Unique Parkin domain (UPD, also annotated as RING0) and RBR domains, revealing a tightly packed structure with unanticipated domain interfaces. The UPD adopts a novel elongated Zn-binding fold, while RING2 resembles an IBR domain. Two key interactions keep Parkin in an autoinhibited conformation. A linker that connects the IBR with the RING2 over a 50-A distance blocks the conserved E2 approximately Ub binding site of RING1. RING2 forms a hydrophobic interface with the UPD, burying the catalytic Cys431, which is part of a conserved catalytic triad. Opening of intra-domain interfaces activates Parkin, and enables Ub-based suicide probes to modify Cys431. The structure further reveals a putative phospho-peptide docking site in the UPD, and explains many PD-causing mutations.
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The E3 ubiquitin ligase PARKIN (encoded by PARK2) and the protein kinase PINK1 (encoded by PARK6) are mutated in autosomal-recessive juvenile Parkinsonism (AR-JP) and work together in the disposal of damaged mitochondria by mitophagy. PINK1 is stabilized on the outside of depolarized mitochondria and phosphorylates polyubiquitin as well as the PARKIN ubiquitin-like (Ubl) domain. These phosphorylation events lead to PARKIN recruitment, and activation by an unknown allosteric mechanism. Here we present the crystal structure of Pediculus humanus PARKIN in complex with Ser65-phosphorylated ubiquitin (phosphoUb), revealing the molecular basis for PARKIN recruitment and activation. The phosphoUb binding site on PARKIN comprises a conserved phosphate pocket and harbours residues mutated in patients with AR-JP. PhosphoUb binding leads to straightening of a helix in the RING1 domain, and the resulting conformational changes release the Ubl domain from the PARKIN core; this activates PARKIN. Moreover, phosphoUb-mediated Ubl release enhances Ubl phosphorylation by PINK1, leading to conformational changes within the Ubl domain and stabilization of an open, active conformation of PARKIN. We redefine the role of the Ubl domain not only as an inhibitory but also as an activating element that is restrained in inactive PARKIN and released by phosphoUb. Our work opens up new avenues to identify small-molecule PARKIN activators.
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Structure of the human Parkin ligase domain in an autoinhibited state.,Wauer T, Komander D EMBO J. 2013 May 31. doi: 10.1038/emboj.2013.125. PMID:23727886<ref>PMID:23727886</ref>
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Mechanism of phospho-ubiquitin-induced PARKIN activation.,Wauer T, Simicek M, Schubert A, Komander D Nature. 2015 Jul 10. doi: 10.1038/nature14879. PMID:26161729<ref>PMID:26161729</ref>
From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
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<div class="pdbe-citations 5c9v" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>
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==See Also==
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*[[Ubiquitin protein ligase 3D structures|Ubiquitin protein ligase 3D structures]]
== References ==
== References ==
<references/>
<references/>
__TOC__
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
</StructureSection>
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[[Category: Komander, D]]
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[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
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[[Category: Wauer, T]]
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[[Category: Large Structures]]
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[[Category: Cell signalling]]
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[[Category: Komander D]]
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[[Category: E3 ligase]]
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[[Category: Wauer T]]
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[[Category: Mitophagy]]
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[[Category: Parkin]]
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[[Category: Parkinson's disease]]
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[[Category: Rbr]]
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[[Category: Signaling protein]]
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[[Category: Ubiquitin]]
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Current revision

Structure of human Parkin G319A

PDB ID 5c9v

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