Carbohydrates II

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<StructureSection load='' size='800' side='right' caption='Carbohydrates' scene='60/603296/Gliceraldehido/1'>
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<StructureSection load='' size='450' side='right' caption='Carbohydrates' scene='60/603296/Gliceraldehido/1'>
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[[es:Carbohydrates II (Spanish)]]
==Monosaccharides==
==Monosaccharides==
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<scene name='60/603296/Gliceraldehido/1'>D-gliceraldehyde</scene> molecular structure
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::<scene name='60/603296/Gliceraldehido/1'>D-glyceraldehyde</scene> molecular structure
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<scene name='60/603296/Gliceraldehido/2'>L-gliceraldehyde</scene> molecular structure.
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::<scene name='60/603296/Gliceraldehido/2'>L-glyceraldehyde</scene> molecular structure.
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<scene name='60/603296/Gliceraldehido/3'>Mirror images from each other</scene>.
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::<scene name='60/603296/Gliceraldehido/3'>Mirror images of each other</scene>.
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<scene name='60/603296/Glucosa/1'>D-glucose</scene>
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::<scene name='60/603296/Glucosa/1'>D-glucose</scene>
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<scene name='60/603296/Glucopiranosa/10'>carbon C1 and C5 approach</scene>
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::<scene name='60/603296/Glucopiranosa/10'>carbon C1 and C5 approach</scene>
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<scene name='60/603296/Glucopiranosa/13'>Pyranose ring</scene>.
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::<scene name='60/603296/Glucopiranosa/13'>Pyranose ring</scene>.
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<scene name='60/603296/Glucopiranosa/9'>α-D-glucopyranose</scene>.
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::<scene name='60/603296/Glucopiranosa/9'>α-D-glucopyranose</scene>.
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<scene name='60/603296/Fructofuranosa/1'>β-D-fructofuranose</scene>.
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::<scene name='60/603296/Fructofuranosa/1'>β-D-fructofuranose</scene>.
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<scene name='60/603296/Glucosamina/1'>D-glucosamine</scene>
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::<scene name='60/603296/Glucosamina/1'>D-glucosamine</scene>
==Disaccharides==
==Disaccharides==
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<scene name='60/603296/Glucosidico1/1'>2 glucose molecules approach</scene>.
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::<scene name='60/603296/Glucosidico1/1'>2 glucose molecules approach</scene>.
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<scene name='60/603296/Glucosidico1/3'> 1 water molecule is losed</scene>
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::<scene name='60/603296/Glucosidico1/3'> 1 water molecule is lost</scene>
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<scene name='60/603296/Glucosidico2/2'>a glycosidic bond is formed</scene>.
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::<scene name='60/603296/Glucosidico2/2'>a glycosidic bond is formed</scene>.
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<scene name='60/603296/Maltosa/1'>maltosa</scene> shows a α-glycosidic bond
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::<scene name='60/603296/Maltosa/1'>Maltose</scene> shows a α-glycosidic bond
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<scene name='60/603296/Celobiosa/1'>Cellobiose</scene> shows a β-glycosidic bond, like <scene name='60/603296/Sacarosa/1'>sucrose</scene>.
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::<scene name='60/603296/Celobiosa/1'>Cellobiose</scene> shows a β-glycosidic bond, like <scene name='60/603296/Sacarosa/1'>sucrose</scene>.
==Polysaccharides==
==Polysaccharides==
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::<scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/3'>Maltose (2 residues of glucose)</scene>
::<scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/3'>Maltose (2 residues of glucose)</scene>
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::We add a <scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/4'>3th</scene>, <scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/5'>4th</scene>, <scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/6'>5th</scene> and <scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/7'>6th</scene> residues.
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::We add a <scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/4'>3rd</scene>, <scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/5'>4th</scene>, <scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/6'>5th</scene> and <scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/7'>6th</scene> residues.
::<scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/8'>Activate rotation</scene> to observe helical structure
::<scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/8'>Activate rotation</scene> to observe helical structure
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::<scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/9'>Zoom out</scene> and adition of more glucose residues to reach a <scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/10'>30 residues</scene> molecule
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::<scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/9'>Zoom out</scene> and addition of more glucose residues to reach a <scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/10'>30 residues</scene> molecule
::Look from a <scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/11'>polar view</scene>.
::Look from a <scene name='60/603296/Amilosa/11'>polar view</scene>.
**'''Amylopectin'''.-
**'''Amylopectin'''.-
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::<scene name='60/603296/Amilopectina/10'>4 residues at branch point</scene>.
::<scene name='60/603296/Amilopectina/10'>4 residues at branch point</scene>.
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By adding to <scene name='60/603296/Amilopectina/12'>initial structure</scene> 25 glucose residues we get a <scene name='60/603296/Amilopectina2/1'>30 residues amylopectin fragment</scene>.
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::By adding to <scene name='60/603296/Amilopectina/12'>initial structure</scene> 25 glucose residues we get a <scene name='60/603296/Amilopectina2/1'>30 residues amylopectin fragment</scene>.
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<scene name='60/603296/Amilopectina/13'>Zoom out</scene> to show un poco más podemos comprobar que los puntos de ramificación se encuentran espaciados entre sí por entre 24 y 30 residuos de glucosa
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*<scene name='60/603296/Glucogeno/1'>Glycogen</scene>.- Es un polisacárido con función de reserva característico de las células animales. Su estructura es muy similar a la de la ''amilopectina''. La diferencia reside en que los puntos de ramificación se encuentran más próximos entre sí (cada 8-12 residuos de glucosa en lugar de los 24-30 de la ''amilopectina''.
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::<scene name='60/603296/Amilopectina/13'>Zoom out</scene> to show that branch points are spaced by 24-30 glucose residues.
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*'''Cellulose'''.- Es un polímero lineal formado por por unidades de ''β-D-glucosa'' unidas por enlaces glucosídicos β(1->4). Para comprender mejor su estructura partiremos de una molécula de ''celobiosa'' formada por <scene name='60/603296/Celulosa/1'>2 residuos de glucosa</scene> unidas por un enlace glucosídico β(1->4). Ahora nos <scene name='60/603296/Celulosa/2'>alejamos</scene> y añadimos un <scene name='60/603296/Celulosa/3'>tercer</scene> residuo de glucosa, un <scene name='60/603296/Celulosa/4'>cuarto</scene>, un <scene name='60/603296/Celulosa/5'>quinto</scene> y un <scene name='60/603296/Celulosa/6'>sexto</scene>. Apreciamos en este tramo de la molécula de ''cellulose'' presenta un <scene name='60/603296/Celulosa/7'>arrollamiento helicoidal</scene> aunque mucho más extendido (o con un ''paso de rosca'' mucho mayor) que el que presenta la ''amilosa''. Esta diferencia estriba en la configuración de los enlaces glucosídicos α y β que presentan respectivamente uno y otro polímero. La configuración helicoidal extendida se puede apreciar mejor si de nuevo nos <scene name='60/603296/Celulosa/8'>alejamos</scene> y añadimos nuevos residuos hasta completar un tramo de la molécula de ''celulosa'' de <scene name='60/603296/Celulosa/9'>30 residuos de longitud</scene>. En una <scene name='60/603296/Celulosa/10'>visión polar</scene> también se aprecia el menor diámetro de la hélice en comparación con la de la ''amilosa''
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*<scene name='60/603296/Quitina/6'>Chitin</scene>.- Es un polímero lineal formado por por unidades de <scene name='60/603296/Quitina/4'>β-N-acetil-D-glucosamina</scene> unidas por enlaces glucosídicos β(1->4). En este tramo de <scene name='60/603296/chitin/2'>3 residuos</scene> podemos apreciar con mayor detalle la estructura de la ''quitina'', por otra parte muy similar a la de la ''celulosa'', dado que ambas comparten el enlace glucosídico tipo β.
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*<scene name='60/603296/Glucogeno/1'>Glycogen</scene>.- Structure like ''amylopectin'' but with branch points spaced by 8-12 glucose residues.
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*<scene name='60/603296/Hialuron/2'>Hyaluronic acid</scene>.- Es un ''heteropolisacárido'' formado por residuos alternos de <scene name='60/603296/Quitina/4'>β-N-acetil-D-glucosamine</scene> y de <scene name='60/603296/Glucuronico/1'>glucuronic acid</scene> unidos por enlaces glucosídicos β(1->4).
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*'''Cellulose'''.-
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::See [[cellulose]].
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*<scene name='60/603296/Quitina/6'>Chitin</scene>.- A polymer of <scene name='60/603296/Quitina/4'>β-N-acetil-D-glucosamina</scene>.
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::A <scene name='60/603296/chitin/2'>3 residues</scene> chitin fragment.
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*<scene name='60/603296/Hialuron/2'>Hyaluronic acid</scene>.- ''Heteropolysaccharide'' with alternating residues of <scene name='60/603296/Quitina/4'>β-N-acetil-D-glucosamine</scene> and <scene name='60/603296/Glucuronico/1'>glucuronic acid</scene>
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== Files for 3D printer ==
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<i class="fas fa-cubes"></i> Alpha-amylase with flexible amylopectin by [[User:Marius Mihasan|Marius Mihasan]] [https://3dprint.nih.gov/discover/3DPX-016354 <i class="fas fa-download"></i>]
</StructureSection>
</StructureSection>
== References ==
== References ==
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*Molecular models in this page were created or modified from [[PDB files]] by [[User:Alejandro Porto|Alejandro Porto]] using the tool JSME Molecular Editor [http://biomodel.uah.es/en/DIY/JSME/draw.es.htm]
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<references/>
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[[Category:3D printer files]]

Current revision

Carbohydrates

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References

Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)

Alejandro Porto, Karsten Theis, Jaime Prilusky

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