4ys9

Structural highlights

Disease

ATX3_HUMAN Defects in ATXN3 are the cause of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) [MIM:109150; also known as Machado-Joseph disease (MJD). Spinocerebellar ataxia is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of cerebellar disorders. Patients show progressive incoordination of gait and often poor coordination of hands, speech and eye movements, due to degeneration of the cerebellum with variable involvement of the brainstem and spinal cord. SCA3 belongs to the autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxias type I (ADCA I) which are characterized by cerebellar ataxia in combination with additional clinical features like optic atrophy, ophthalmoplegia, bulbar and extrapyramidal signs, peripheral neuropathy and dementia. The molecular defect in SCA3 is the a CAG repeat expansion in ATXN3 coding region. Longer expansions result in earlier onset and more severe clinical manifestations of the disease.^[1]

Function

ATX3_HUMAN Deubiquitinating enzyme involved in protein homeostasis maintenance, transcription, cytoskeleton regulation, myogenesis and degradation of misfolded chaperone substrates. Binds long polyubiquitin chains and trims them, while it has weak or no activity against chains of 4 or less ubiquitins. Involved in degradation of misfolded chaperone substrates via its interaction with STUB1/CHIP: recruited to monoubiquitinated STUB1/CHIP, and restricts the length of ubiquitin chain attached to STUB1/CHIP substrates and preventing further chain extension. In response to misfolded substrate ubiquitination, mediates deubiquitination of monoubiquitinated STUB1/CHIP. Interacts with key regulators of transcription and represses transcription: acts as a histone-binding protein that regulates transcription.^{[2] [3] [4]} MALE_ECO57 Involved in the high-affinity maltose membrane transport system MalEFGK. Initial receptor for the active transport of and chemotaxis toward maltooligosaccharides (By similarity).

References

1. ↑ Kawaguchi Y, Okamoto T, Taniwaki M, Aizawa M, Inoue M, Katayama S, Kawakami H, Nakamura S, Nishimura M, Akiguchi I, et al.. CAG expansions in a novel gene for Machado-Joseph disease at chromosome 14q32.1. Nat Genet. 1994 Nov;8(3):221-8. PMID:7874163 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng1194-221
2. ↑ Li F, Macfarlan T, Pittman RN, Chakravarti D. Ataxin-3 is a histone-binding protein with two independent transcriptional corepressor activities. J Biol Chem. 2002 Nov 22;277(47):45004-12. Epub 2002 Sep 23. PMID:12297501 doi:10.1074/jbc.M205259200
3. ↑ Tzvetkov N, Breuer P. Josephin domain-containing proteins from a variety of species are active de-ubiquitination enzymes. Biol Chem. 2007 Sep;388(9):973-8. PMID:17696782 doi:10.1515/BC.2007.107
4. ↑ Mao Y, Senic-Matuglia F, Di Fiore PP, Polo S, Hodsdon ME, De Camilli P. Deubiquitinating function of ataxin-3: insights from the solution structure of the Josephin domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Sep 6;102(36):12700-5. Epub 2005 Aug 23. PMID:16118278
5. ↑ Zhemkov VA, Kulminskaya AA, Bezprozvanny IB, Kim M. The 2.2-Angstrom resolution crystal structure of the carboxy-terminal region of ataxin-3. FEBS Open Bio. 2016 Feb 18;6(3):168-78. doi: 10.1002/2211-5463.12029. eCollection, 2016 Mar. PMID:27047745 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2211-5463.12029