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3l81

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==Crystal structure of adaptor protein complex 4 (AP-4) mu4 subunit C-terminal domain, in complex with a sorting peptide from the amyloid precursor protein (APP)==
==Crystal structure of adaptor protein complex 4 (AP-4) mu4 subunit C-terminal domain, in complex with a sorting peptide from the amyloid precursor protein (APP)==
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<StructureSection load='3l81' size='340' side='right' caption='[[3l81]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 1.60&Aring;' scene=''>
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<StructureSection load='3l81' size='340' side='right'caption='[[3l81]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 1.60&Aring;' scene=''>
== Structural highlights ==
== Structural highlights ==
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<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[3l81]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=3L81 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=3L81 FirstGlance]. <br>
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<table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[3l81]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=3L81 OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=3L81 FirstGlance]. <br>
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</td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=GOL:GLYCEROL'>GOL</scene></td></tr>
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</td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 1.6&#8491;</td></tr>
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<tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">[[1bw8|1bw8]], [[1bxx|1bxx]], [[3g9h|3g9h]]</td></tr>
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<tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=GOL:GLYCEROL'>GOL</scene></td></tr>
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<tr id='gene'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Gene|Gene:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">AP4M1, MUARP2 ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&srchmode=5&id=9606 HUMAN])</td></tr>
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<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=3l81 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=3l81 OCA], [https://pdbe.org/3l81 PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=3l81 RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/3l81 PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=3l81 ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
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<tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=3l81 FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=3l81 OCA], [http://pdbe.org/3l81 PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=3l81 RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/3l81 PDBsum], [http://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=3l81 ProSAT]</span></td></tr>
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</table>
</table>
== Disease ==
== Disease ==
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[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/AP4M1_HUMAN AP4M1_HUMAN]] Defects in AP4M1 are the cause of cerebral palsy spastic quadriplegic type 3 (CPSQ3) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/612936 612936]]. A non-progressive disorder of movement and/or posture resulting from defects in the developing central nervous system. Affected individuals present postnatally with early infantile hypotonia, delayed psychomotor development, strabismus, lack of independent walking and severe mental retardation. They develop progressive spasticity of all limbs with generalized hypertonia, hyperreflexia, and extensor plantar responses by the end of the first year of life. Speech is absent or limited. Pseudobulbar signs, such as drooling, stereotypic laughter, and exaggerated jaw jerk, are part of the clinical picture. [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A4_HUMAN A4_HUMAN]] Defects in APP are the cause of Alzheimer disease type 1 (AD1) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/104300 104300]]. AD1 is a familial early-onset form of Alzheimer disease. It can be associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Alzheimer disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive dementia, loss of cognitive abilities, and deposition of fibrillar amyloid proteins as intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles, extracellular amyloid plaques and vascular amyloid deposits. The major constituent of these plaques is the neurotoxic amyloid-beta-APP 40-42 peptide (s), derived proteolytically from the transmembrane precursor protein APP by sequential secretase processing. The cytotoxic C-terminal fragments (CTFs) and the caspase-cleaved products such as C31 derived from APP, are also implicated in neuronal death.<ref>PMID:8476439</ref> <ref>PMID:15201367</ref> <ref>PMID:1671712</ref> <ref>PMID:1908231</ref> <ref>PMID:1678058</ref> <ref>PMID:1944558</ref> <ref>PMID:1925564</ref> <ref>PMID:1415269</ref> <ref>PMID:1303239</ref> <ref>PMID:1302033</ref> <ref>PMID:1303275</ref> <ref>PMID:8267572</ref> <ref>PMID:8290042</ref> <ref>PMID:8577393</ref> <ref>PMID:9328472</ref> <ref>PMID:9754958</ref> <ref>PMID:10097173</ref> <ref>PMID:10631141</ref> <ref>PMID:10665499</ref> <ref>PMID:10867787</ref> <ref>PMID:11063718</ref> <ref>PMID:11311152</ref> <ref>PMID:11528419</ref> <ref>PMID:12034808</ref> <ref>PMID:15365148</ref> <ref>PMID:15668448</ref> Defects in APP are the cause of cerebral amyloid angiopathy APP-related (CAA-APP) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/605714 605714]]. A hereditary localized amyloidosis due to amyloid-beta A4 peptide(s) deposition in the cerebral vessels. The principal clinical characteristics are recurrent cerebral and cerebellar hemorrhages, recurrent strokes, cerebral ischemia, cerebral infarction, and progressive mental deterioration. Patients develop cerebral hemorrhage because of the severe cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Parenchymal amyloid deposits are rare and largely in the form of pre-amyloid lesions or diffuse plaque-like structures. They are Congo red negative and lack the dense amyloid cores commonly present in Alzheimer disease. Some affected individuals manifest progressive aphasic dementia, leukoencephalopathy, and occipital calcifications.<ref>PMID:10821838</ref> <ref>PMID:2111584</ref> <ref>PMID:11409420</ref> <ref>PMID:12654973</ref> <ref>PMID:16178030</ref>
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[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/AP4M1_HUMAN AP4M1_HUMAN] Defects in AP4M1 are the cause of cerebral palsy spastic quadriplegic type 3 (CPSQ3) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/612936 612936]. A non-progressive disorder of movement and/or posture resulting from defects in the developing central nervous system. Affected individuals present postnatally with early infantile hypotonia, delayed psychomotor development, strabismus, lack of independent walking and severe mental retardation. They develop progressive spasticity of all limbs with generalized hypertonia, hyperreflexia, and extensor plantar responses by the end of the first year of life. Speech is absent or limited. Pseudobulbar signs, such as drooling, stereotypic laughter, and exaggerated jaw jerk, are part of the clinical picture.
== Function ==
== Function ==
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[[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/AP4M1_HUMAN AP4M1_HUMAN]] Subunit of novel type of clathrin- or non-clathrin-associated protein coat involved in targeting proteins from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the endosomal-lysosomal system. [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A4_HUMAN A4_HUMAN]] Functions as a cell surface receptor and performs physiological functions on the surface of neurons relevant to neurite growth, neuronal adhesion and axonogenesis. Involved in cell mobility and transcription regulation through protein-protein interactions. Can promote transcription activation through binding to APBB1-KAT5 and inhibits Notch signaling through interaction with Numb. Couples to apoptosis-inducing pathways such as those mediated by G(O) and JIP. Inhibits G(o) alpha ATPase activity (By similarity). Acts as a kinesin I membrane receptor, mediating the axonal transport of beta-secretase and presenilin 1. Involved in copper homeostasis/oxidative stress through copper ion reduction. In vitro, copper-metallated APP induces neuronal death directly or is potentiated through Cu(2+)-mediated low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Can regulate neurite outgrowth through binding to components of the extracellular matrix such as heparin and collagen I and IV. The splice isoforms that contain the BPTI domain possess protease inhibitor activity. Induces a AGER-dependent pathway that involves activation of p38 MAPK, resulting in internalization of amyloid-beta peptide and leading to mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured cortical neurons. Provides Cu(2+) ions for GPC1 which are required for release of nitric oxide (NO) and subsequent degradation of the heparan sulfate chains on GPC1.<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref> Beta-amyloid peptides are lipophilic metal chelators with metal-reducing activity. Bind transient metals such as copper, zinc and iron. In vitro, can reduce Cu(2+) and Fe(3+) to Cu(+) and Fe(2+), respectively. Beta-amyloid 42 is a more effective reductant than beta-amyloid 40. Beta-amyloid peptides bind to lipoproteins and apolipoproteins E and J in the CSF and to HDL particles in plasma, inhibiting metal-catalyzed oxidation of lipoproteins. Beta-APP42 may activate mononuclear phagocytes in the brain and elicit inflammatory responses. Promotes both tau aggregation and TPK II-mediated phosphorylation. Interaction with Also bind GPC1 in lipid rafts.<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref> Appicans elicit adhesion of neural cells to the extracellular matrix and may regulate neurite outgrowth in the brain (By similarity).<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref> The gamma-CTF peptides as well as the caspase-cleaved peptides, including C31, are potent enhancers of neuronal apoptosis.<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref> N-APP binds TNFRSF21 triggering caspase activation and degeneration of both neuronal cell bodies (via caspase-3) and axons (via caspase-6).<ref>PMID:9168929</ref> <ref>PMID:11544248</ref> <ref>PMID:11943163</ref> <ref>PMID:19225519</ref> <ref>PMID:19901339</ref>
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[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/AP4M1_HUMAN AP4M1_HUMAN] Subunit of novel type of clathrin- or non-clathrin-associated protein coat involved in targeting proteins from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the endosomal-lysosomal system.
== Evolutionary Conservation ==
== Evolutionary Conservation ==
[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif|200px|right]]
[[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif|200px|right]]
Check<jmol>
Check<jmol>
<jmolCheckbox>
<jmolCheckbox>
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<scriptWhenChecked>select protein; define ~consurf_to_do selected; consurf_initial_scene = true; script "/wiki/ConSurf/l8/3l81_consurf.spt"</scriptWhenChecked>
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<scriptWhenChecked>; select protein; define ~consurf_to_do selected; consurf_initial_scene = true; script "/wiki/ConSurf/l8/3l81_consurf.spt"</scriptWhenChecked>
<scriptWhenUnchecked>script /wiki/extensions/Proteopedia/spt/initialview01.spt</scriptWhenUnchecked>
<scriptWhenUnchecked>script /wiki/extensions/Proteopedia/spt/initialview01.spt</scriptWhenUnchecked>
<text>to colour the structure by Evolutionary Conservation</text>
<text>to colour the structure by Evolutionary Conservation</text>
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</jmol>, as determined by [http://consurfdb.tau.ac.il/ ConSurfDB]. You may read the [[Conservation%2C_Evolutionary|explanation]] of the method and the full data available from [http://bental.tau.ac.il/new_ConSurfDB/main_output.php?pdb_ID=3l81 ConSurf].
</jmol>, as determined by [http://consurfdb.tau.ac.il/ ConSurfDB]. You may read the [[Conservation%2C_Evolutionary|explanation]] of the method and the full data available from [http://bental.tau.ac.il/new_ConSurfDB/main_output.php?pdb_ID=3l81 ConSurf].
<div style="clear:both"></div>
<div style="clear:both"></div>
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<div style="background-color:#fffaf0;">
 
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== Publication Abstract from PubMed ==
 
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Adaptor protein 4 (AP-4) is the most recently discovered and least well-characterized member of the family of heterotetrameric adaptor protein (AP) complexes that mediate sorting of transmembrane cargo in post-Golgi compartments. Herein, we report the interaction of an YKFFE sequence from the cytosolic tail of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein (APP) with the mu4 subunit of AP-4. Biochemical and X-ray crystallographic analyses reveal that the properties of the APP sequence and the location of the binding site on mu4 are distinct from those of other signal-adaptor interactions. Disruption of the APP-AP-4 interaction decreases localization of APP to endosomes and enhances gamma-secretase-catalyzed cleavage of APP to the pathogenic amyloid-beta peptide. These findings demonstrate that APP and AP-4 engage in a distinct type of signal-adaptor interaction that mediates transport of APP from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to endosomes, thereby reducing amyloidogenic processing of the protein.
 
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Sorting of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein mediated by the AP-4 complex.,Burgos PV, Mardones GA, Rojas AL, daSilva LL, Prabhu Y, Hurley JH, Bonifacino JS Dev Cell. 2010 Mar 16;18(3):425-36. PMID:20230749<ref>PMID:20230749</ref>
 
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From MEDLINE&reg;/PubMed&reg;, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br>
 
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</div>
 
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<div class="pdbe-citations 3l81" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div>
 
==See Also==
==See Also==
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*[[Adaptin|Adaptin]]
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*[[Adaptin 3D structures|Adaptin 3D structures]]
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*[[Amyloid precursor protein|Amyloid precursor protein]]
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*[[Amyloid precursor protein 3D structures|Amyloid precursor protein 3D structures]]
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== References ==
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<references/>
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__TOC__
__TOC__
</StructureSection>
</StructureSection>
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[[Category: Human]]
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[[Category: Homo sapiens]]
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[[Category: Bonifacino, J S]]
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[[Category: Large Structures]]
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[[Category: Burgos, P V]]
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[[Category: Bonifacino JS]]
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[[Category: Dasilva, L L.P]]
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[[Category: Burgos PV]]
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[[Category: Hurley, J H]]
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[[Category: Dasilva LLP]]
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[[Category: Mardones, G A]]
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[[Category: Hurley JH]]
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[[Category: Prabhu, Y]]
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[[Category: Mardones GA]]
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[[Category: Rojas, A L]]
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[[Category: Prabhu Y]]
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[[Category: Alzheimer disease]]
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[[Category: Rojas AL]]
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[[Category: Amyloid]]
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[[Category: Amyloidosis]]
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[[Category: Coated pit]]
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[[Category: Golgi apparatus]]
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[[Category: Immunoglobulin-like beta-sandwich]]
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[[Category: Membrane]]
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[[Category: Phosphoprotein]]
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[[Category: Protein transport]]
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[[Category: Transport]]
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[[Category: Transport protein]]
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Current revision

Crystal structure of adaptor protein complex 4 (AP-4) mu4 subunit C-terminal domain, in complex with a sorting peptide from the amyloid precursor protein (APP)

PDB ID 3l81

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