| Structural highlights
Disease
[VGFR2_HUMAN] Defects in KDR are associated with susceptibility to hemangioma capillary infantile (HCI) [MIM:602089]. HCI are benign, highly proliferative lesions involving aberrant localized growth of capillary endothelium. They are the most common tumor of infancy, occurring in up to 10% of all births. Hemangiomas tend to appear shortly after birth and show rapid neonatal growth for up to 12 months characterized by endothelial hypercellularity and increased numbers of mast cells. This phase is followed by slow involution at a rate of about 10% per year and replacement by fibrofatty stroma.[1] [2] Note=Plays a major role in tumor angiogenesis. In case of HIV-1 infection, the interaction with extracellular viral Tat protein seems to enhance angiogenesis in Kaposi's sarcoma lesions.
Function
[VGFR2_HUMAN] Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as a cell-surface receptor for VEGFA, VEGFC and VEGFD. Plays an essential role in the regulation of angiogenesis, vascular development, vascular permeability, and embryonic hematopoiesis. Promotes proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation of endothelial cells. Promotes reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. Isoforms lacking a transmembrane domain, such as isoform 2 and isoform 3, may function as decoy receptors for VEGFA, VEGFC and/or VEGFD. Isoform 2 plays an important role as negative regulator of VEGFA- and VEGFC-mediated lymphangiogenesis by limiting the amount of free VEGFA and/or VEGFC and preventing their binding to FLT4. Modulates FLT1 and FLT4 signaling by forming heterodimers. Binding of vascular growth factors to isoform 1 leads to the activation of several signaling cascades. Activation of PLCG1 leads to the production of the cellular signaling molecules diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and the activation of protein kinase C. Mediates activation of MAPK1/ERK2, MAPK3/ERK1 and the MAP kinase signaling pathway, as well as of the AKT1 signaling pathway. Mediates phosphorylation of PIK3R1, the regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and activation of PTK2/FAK1. Required for VEGFA-mediated induction of NOS2 and NOS3, leading to the production of the signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO) by endothelial cells. Phosphorylates PLCG1. Promotes phosphorylation of FYN, NCK1, NOS3, PIK3R1, PTK2/FAK1 and SRC.[3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
While the treatment of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST) has been revolutionised by the application of targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors capable of inhibiting KIT-driven proliferation, diverse mutations to this kinase drive resistance to established therapies. Here we describe the identification of potent pan-KIT mutant kinase inhibitors that can be dosed without being limited by the tolerability issues seen with multi-targeted agents. This effort focussed on identification and optimisation of an existing kinase scaffold through the use of structure-based design. Starting from a series of previously reported phenoxyquinazoline and quinoline based inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase PDGFR, potency against a diverse panel of mutant KIT driven Ba/F3 cell lines was optimised, with a particular focus on reducing activity against a KDR driven cell model in order to limit the potential for hypertension commonly seen in second and third line GIST therapies. AZD3229 demonstrates potent single digit nM growth inhibition across a broad cell panel, with good margin to KDR-driven effects. Selectivity over KDR can be rationalised predominantly by the interaction of water molecules with the protein and ligand in the active site and its kinome selectivity is similar to the best of the approved GIST agents. This compound demonstrates excellent cross-species pharmacokinetics, shows strong pharmacodynamic inhibition of target, and is active in several in vivo models of GIST.
Discovery of N-{4-[(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)oxy]phenyl}-2-[4-(propan-2-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triaz ol-1-yl]acetamide (AZD3229), a potent pan-KIT mutant inhibitor for the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors.,Kettle JG, Anjum R, Barry E, Bhavsar D, Brown C, Boyd S, Campbell A, Goldberg K, Grondine M, Guichard S, Hardy C, Hunt T, Jones R, Li X, Moleva O, Ogg D, Overman R, Packer MJ, Pearson S, Schimpl M, Shao W, Smith A, Smith J, Stead D, Stokes S, Tucker M, Ye Y J Med Chem. 2018 Sep 11. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00938. PMID:30204441[25]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
See Also
References
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- ↑ Jinnin M, Medici D, Park L, Limaye N, Liu Y, Boscolo E, Bischoff J, Vikkula M, Boye E, Olsen BR. Suppressed NFAT-dependent VEGFR1 expression and constitutive VEGFR2 signaling in infantile hemangioma. Nat Med. 2008 Nov;14(11):1236-46. doi: 10.1038/nm.1877. Epub 2008 Oct 19. PMID:18931684 doi:10.1038/nm.1877
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- ↑ Terman BI, Dougher-Vermazen M, Carrion ME, Dimitrov D, Armellino DC, Gospodarowicz D, Bohlen P. Identification of the KDR tyrosine kinase as a receptor for vascular endothelial cell growth factor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1992 Sep 30;187(3):1579-86. PMID:1417831
- ↑ Waltenberger J, Claesson-Welsh L, Siegbahn A, Shibuya M, Heldin CH. Different signal transduction properties of KDR and Flt1, two receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor. J Biol Chem. 1994 Oct 28;269(43):26988-95. PMID:7929439
- ↑ Takahashi T, Shibuya M. The 230 kDa mature form of KDR/Flk-1 (VEGF receptor-2) activates the PLC-gamma pathway and partially induces mitotic signals in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Oncogene. 1997 May 1;14(17):2079-89. PMID:9160888 doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1201047
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- ↑ Gerber HP, McMurtrey A, Kowalski J, Yan M, Keyt BA, Dixit V, Ferrara N. Vascular endothelial growth factor regulates endothelial cell survival through the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/Akt signal transduction pathway. Requirement for Flk-1/KDR activation. J Biol Chem. 1998 Nov 13;273(46):30336-43. PMID:9804796
- ↑ Kroll J, Waltenberger J. A novel function of VEGF receptor-2 (KDR): rapid release of nitric oxide in response to VEGF-A stimulation in endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Nov 30;265(3):636-9. PMID:10600473 doi:10.1006/bbrc.1999.1729
- ↑ Dougher M, Terman BI. Autophosphorylation of KDR in the kinase domain is required for maximal VEGF-stimulated kinase activity and receptor internalization. Oncogene. 1999 Feb 25;18(8):1619-27. PMID:10102632 doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1202478
- ↑ Takahashi T, Yamaguchi S, Chida K, Shibuya M. A single autophosphorylation site on KDR/Flk-1 is essential for VEGF-A-dependent activation of PLC-gamma and DNA synthesis in vascular endothelial cells. EMBO J. 2001 Jun 1;20(11):2768-78. PMID:11387210 doi:10.1093/emboj/20.11.2768
- ↑ Duval M, Bedard-Goulet S, Delisle C, Gratton JP. Vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent down-regulation of Flk-1/KDR involves Cbl-mediated ubiquitination. Consequences on nitric oxide production from endothelial cells. J Biol Chem. 2003 May 30;278(22):20091-7. Epub 2003 Mar 19. PMID:12649282 doi:10.1074/jbc.M301410200
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- ↑ Lamalice L, Houle F, Huot J. Phosphorylation of Tyr1214 within VEGFR-2 triggers the recruitment of Nck and activation of Fyn leading to SAPK2/p38 activation and endothelial cell migration in response to VEGF. J Biol Chem. 2006 Nov 10;281(45):34009-20. Epub 2006 Sep 10. PMID:16966330 doi:10.1074/jbc.M603928200
- ↑ Blanes MG, Oubaha M, Rautureau Y, Gratton JP. Phosphorylation of tyrosine 801 of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 is necessary for Akt-dependent endothelial nitric-oxide synthase activation and nitric oxide release from endothelial cells. J Biol Chem. 2007 Apr 6;282(14):10660-9. Epub 2007 Feb 15. PMID:17303569 doi:10.1074/jbc.M609048200
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- ↑ Becker J, Pavlakovic H, Ludewig F, Wilting F, Weich HA, Albuquerque R, Ambati J, Wilting J. Neuroblastoma progression correlates with downregulation of the lymphangiogenesis inhibitor sVEGFR-2. Clin Cancer Res. 2010 Mar 1;16(5):1431-41. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-1936., Epub 2010 Feb 23. PMID:20179233 doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-1936
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- ↑ Yang Y, Xie P, Opatowsky Y, Schlessinger J. Direct contacts between extracellular membrane-proximal domains are required for VEGF receptor activation and cell signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Feb 2;107(5):1906-11. Epub 2010 Jan 11. PMID:20080685
- ↑ Kettle JG, Anjum R, Barry E, Bhavsar D, Brown C, Boyd S, Campbell A, Goldberg K, Grondine M, Guichard S, Hardy C, Hunt T, Jones R, Li X, Moleva O, Ogg D, Overman R, Packer MJ, Pearson S, Schimpl M, Shao W, Smith A, Smith J, Stead D, Stokes S, Tucker M, Ye Y. Discovery of N-{4-[(6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4-yl)oxy]phenyl}-2-[4-(propan-2-yl)-1H-1,2,3-triaz ol-1-yl]acetamide (AZD3229), a potent pan-KIT mutant inhibitor for the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Med Chem. 2018 Sep 11. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00938. PMID:30204441 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00938
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