6gyl

Structural highlights

Function

[RPB11_YEAST] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB11 is part of the core element with the central large cleft. Seems to be involved transcript termination. [T2EA_YEAST] Recruits TFIIH to the initiation complex and stimulates the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain kinase and DNA-dependent ATPase activities of TFIIH. Both TFIIH and TFIIE are required for promoter clearance by RNA polymerase (By similarity). [RPB7_YEAST] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB7 is part of a subcomplex with RPB4 that binds to a pocket formed by RPB1, RPB2 and RPB6 at the base of the clamp element. The RBP4-RPB7 subcomplex seems to lock the clamp via RPB7 in the closed conformation thus preventing double stranded DNA to enter the active site cleft. The RPB4-RPB7 subcomplex binds single-stranded DNA and RNA. The RPB4-RPB7 subcomplex recruits FCP1 to Pol II.^{[1] [2] [3]} [RPB2_YEAST] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Second largest component of RNA polymerases II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Proposed to contribute to the polymerase catalytic activity and forms the polymerase active center together with the largest subunit. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. During a transcription cycle, Pol II, general transcription factors and the Mediator complex assemble as the preinitiation complex (PIC) at the promoter. 11-15 base pairs of DNA surrounding the transcription start site are melted and the single stranded DNA template strand of the promoter is positioned deeply within the central active site cleft of Pol II to form the open complex. After synthesis of about 30 bases of RNA, Pol II releases its contacts with the core promoter and the rest of the transcription machinery (promoter clearance) and enters the stage of transcription elongation in which it moves on the template as the transcript elongates. Pol II appears to oscillate between inactive and active conformations at each step of nucleotide addition. Pol II is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. The core element with the central large cleft comprises RPB3, RBP10, RPB11, RPB12 and regions of RPB1 and RPB2 forming the active center. The clamp element (portions of RPB1, RPB2 and RPB3) is connected to the core through a set of flexible switches and moves to open and close the cleft. The cleft is surrounded by jaws: an upper jaw formed by portions of RBP1, RPB2 and RPB9, and a lower jaw. The jaws are thought to grab the incoming DNA template. The fork loop 1 (RPB2) interacts with the RNA-DNA hybrid, possibly stabilizing it. [T2FB_YEAST] TFIIF is a general transcription initiation factor that binds to RNA polymerase II. Its functions include the recruitment of RNA polymerase II to the promoter bound DNA-TBP-TFIIB complex, decreasing the affinity of RNA polymerase II for non-specific DNA, allowing for the subsequent recruitment of TFIIE and TFIIH, and facilitating RNA polymerase II elongation. TFG2 shows ATP-dependent DNA-helicase activity (By similarity). [T2EB_YEAST] Recruits TFIIH to the initiation complex and stimulates the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain kinase and DNA-dependent ATPase activities of TFIIH. Both TFIIH and TFIIE are required for promoter clearance by RNA polymerase (By similarity). [RPB1_YEAST] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Largest and catalytic component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Forms the polymerase active center together with the second largest subunit. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. During a transcription cycle, Pol II, general transcription factors and the Mediator complex assemble as the preinitiation complex (PIC) at the promoter. 11-15 base pairs of DNA surrounding the transcription start site are melted and the single stranded DNA template strand of the promoter is positioned deeply within the central active site cleft of Pol II to form the open complex. After synthesis of about 30 bases of RNA, Pol II releases its contacts with the core promoter and the rest of the transcription machinery (promoter clearance) and enters the stage of transcription elongation in which it moves on the template as the transcript elongates. Pol II appears to oscillate between inactive and active conformations at each step of nucleotide addition. Elongation is influenced by the phosphorylation status of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of Pol II largest subunit (RPB1), which serves as a platform for assembly of factors that regulate transcription initiation, elongation, termination and mRNA processing. Pol II is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. The core element with the central large cleft comprises RPB3, RBP10, RPB11, RPB12 and regions of RPB1 and RPB2 forming the active center. The clamp element (portions of RPB1, RPB2 and RPB3) is connected to the core through a set of flexible switches and moves to open and close the cleft. A bridging helix emanates from RPB1 and crosses the cleft near the catalytic site and is thought to promote translocation of Pol II by acting as a ratchet that moves the RNA-DNA hybrid through the active site by switching from straight to bent conformations at each step of nucleotide addition. In elongating Pol II, the lid loop (RPB1) appears to act as a wedge to drive apart the DNA and RNA strands at the upstream end of the transcription bubble and guide the RNA strand toward the RNA exit groove located near the base of the largely unstructured CTD domain of RPB1. The rudder loop (RPB1) interacts with single stranded DNA after separation from the RNA strand, likely preventing reassociation with the exiting RNA. The cleft is surrounded by jaws: an upper jaw formed by portions of RBP1, RPB2 and RPB9, and a lower jaw, formed by RPB5 and portions of RBP1. The jaws are thought to grab the incoming DNA template, mainly by RPB5 direct contacts to DNA. [TF2B_YEAST] General factor that plays a major role in the activation of eukaryotic genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II. [T2FA_YEAST] TFIIF is a general transcription initiation factor that binds to RNA polymerase II. Its functions include the recruitment of RNA polymerase II to the promoter bound DNA-TBP-TFIIB complex, decreasing the affinity of RNA polymerase II for non-specific DNA, allowing for the subsequent recruitment of TFIIE and TFIIH, and facilitating RNA polymerase II elongation.^[4] [RPAB2_YEAST] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Pols are composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. In Pol II, RPB6 is part of the clamp element and togther with parts of RPB1 and RPB2 forms a pocket to which the RPB4-RPB7 subcomplex binds (By similarity). [RPB3_YEAST] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB3 is part of the core element with the central large cleft and the clamp element that moves to open and close the cleft. Seems to be involved in transcription termination. [RPB9_YEAST] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB9 is part of the upper jaw surrounding the central large cleft and thought to grab the incoming DNA template. Involved in the regulation of transcription elongation. Involved in DNA repair of damage in the transcribed strand. Mediates a transcription-coupled repair (TCR) subpathway of nucleotide excision repair (NER).^[5] [RPAB4_YEAST] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and a small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively. Pols are composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. In Pol II, the core element with the central large cleft comprises RPB3, RBP10, RPB11, RPB12 and regions of RPB1 and RPB2 forming the active center. [TBP_YEAST] General transcription factor that functions at the core of the DNA-binding general transcription factor complex TFIID. Binding of TFIID to a promoter (with or without TATA element) is the initial step in preinitiation complex (PIC) formation. TFIID plays a key role in the regulation of gene expression by RNA polymerase II through different activities such as transcription activator interaction, core promoter recognition and selectivity, TFIIA and TFIIB interaction, chromatin modification (histone acetylation by TAF1), facilitation of DNA opening and initiation of transcription.^{[6] [7] [8]} [T2AG_YEAST] TFIIA is a component of the transcription machinery of RNA polymerase II and plays an important role in transcriptional activation. TFIIA in a complex with TBP mediates transcriptional activity.^[9] [RPAB3_YEAST] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively. [RPB4_YEAST] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB4 is part of a subcomplex with RPB7 that binds to a pocket formed by RPB1, RPB2 and RPB6 at the base of the clamp element. The RBP4-RPB7 subcomplex seems to lock the clamp via RPB7 in the closed conformation thus preventing double stranded DNA to enter the active site cleft. The RPB4-RPB7 subcomplex binds single-stranded DNA and RNA. The RPB4-RPB7 subcomplex is necessary for promoter-directed transcription initiation but is not required for recruitment of Pol II to active preinitiation complexes and seems to be dispensable for transcription elongation and termination. The RPB4-RPB7 subcomplex recruits FCP1 to Pol II. Involved in DNA repair of damage in the transcribed strand. RPB4 is dispensable under optimal growth conditions, but becomes essential during heat or cold shock and under nutrient depletion. Suppresses the RBP9-mediated transcription-coupled repair (TCR) subpathway of nucleotide excision repair (NER) but facilitates the RAD26-mediated TCR subpathway. Under stress conditions only, involved in mRNA export to the cytoplasm. Involved in mRNA decay. Promotes or enhances the deadenylation process of specific mRNAs and may recruit PAT1 and the LSM1-7 complex to these mRNAs, thus stimulating their decapping and further decay.^{[10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]} [RPAB5_YEAST] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and a small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Pols are composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. In Pol II, RBP10 is part of the core element with the central large cleft. [TOA1_YEAST] TFIIA is a component of the transcription machinery of RNA polymerase II and implicated in the regulation of basal transcription. Interacts with TBP (the TATA-binding protein). [RPAB1_YEAST] DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Pols are composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. In Pol II, RPB5 is part of the lower jaw surrounding the central large cleft and thought to grab the incoming DNA template. Seems to be the major component in this process (By similarity).

See Also

• RNA polymerase 3D structures
• TATA-binding protein 3D structures
• Transcription initiation factors 3D structures

References

1. ↑ Orlicky SM, Tran PT, Sayre MH, Edwards AM. Dissociable Rpb4-Rpb7 subassembly of rna polymerase II binds to single-strand nucleic acid and mediates a post-recruitment step in transcription initiation. J Biol Chem. 2001 Mar 30;276(13):10097-102. Epub 2000 Nov 21. PMID:11087726 doi:10.1074/jbc.M003165200
2. ↑ Kamenski T, Heilmeier S, Meinhart A, Cramer P. Structure and mechanism of RNA polymerase II CTD phosphatases. Mol Cell. 2004 Aug 13;15(3):399-407. PMID:15304220 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2004.06.035
3. ↑ Lotan R, Goler-Baron V, Duek L, Haimovich G, Choder M. The Rpb7p subunit of yeast RNA polymerase II plays roles in the two major cytoplasmic mRNA decay mechanisms. J Cell Biol. 2007 Sep 24;178(7):1133-43. Epub 2007 Sep 17. PMID:17875743 doi:10.1083/jcb.200701165
4. ↑ Henry NL, Sayre MH, Kornberg RD. Purification and characterization of yeast RNA polymerase II general initiation factor g. J Biol Chem. 1992 Nov 15;267(32):23388-92. PMID:1331085
5. ↑ Li S, Smerdon MJ. Rpb4 and Rpb9 mediate subpathways of transcription-coupled DNA repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J. 2002 Nov 1;21(21):5921-9. PMID:12411509
6. ↑ Hampsey M. Molecular genetics of the RNA polymerase II general transcriptional machinery. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1998 Jun;62(2):465-503. PMID:9618449
7. ↑ Sanders SL, Garbett KA, Weil PA. Molecular characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae TFIID. Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Aug;22(16):6000-13. PMID:12138208
8. ↑ Martinez E. Multi-protein complexes in eukaryotic gene transcription. Plant Mol Biol. 2002 Dec;50(6):925-47. PMID:12516863
9. ↑ Ranish JA, Hahn S. The yeast general transcription factor TFIIA is composed of two polypeptide subunits. J Biol Chem. 1991 Oct 15;266(29):19320-7. PMID:1918049
10. ↑ Edwards AM, Kane CM, Young RA, Kornberg RD. Two dissociable subunits of yeast RNA polymerase II stimulate the initiation of transcription at a promoter in vitro. J Biol Chem. 1991 Jan 5;266(1):71-5. PMID:1985924
11. ↑ Orlicky SM, Tran PT, Sayre MH, Edwards AM. Dissociable Rpb4-Rpb7 subassembly of rna polymerase II binds to single-strand nucleic acid and mediates a post-recruitment step in transcription initiation. J Biol Chem. 2001 Mar 30;276(13):10097-102. Epub 2000 Nov 21. PMID:11087726 doi:10.1074/jbc.M003165200
12. ↑ Pillai B, Sampath V, Sharma N, Sadhale P. Rpb4, a non-essential subunit of core RNA polymerase II of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is important for activated transcription of a subset of genes. J Biol Chem. 2001 Aug 17;276(33):30641-7. Epub 2001 May 29. PMID:11382749 doi:10.1074/jbc.M010952200
13. ↑ Li S, Smerdon MJ. Rpb4 and Rpb9 mediate subpathways of transcription-coupled DNA repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J. 2002 Nov 1;21(21):5921-9. PMID:12411509
14. ↑ Farago M, Nahari T, Hammel C, Cole CN, Choder M. Rpb4p, a subunit of RNA polymerase II, mediates mRNA export during stress. Mol Biol Cell. 2003 Jul;14(7):2744-55. PMID:12857861 doi:10.1091/mbc.E02-11-0740
15. ↑ Kamenski T, Heilmeier S, Meinhart A, Cramer P. Structure and mechanism of RNA polymerase II CTD phosphatases. Mol Cell. 2004 Aug 13;15(3):399-407. PMID:15304220 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2004.06.035
16. ↑ Lotan R, Bar-On VG, Harel-Sharvit L, Duek L, Melamed D, Choder M. The RNA polymerase II subunit Rpb4p mediates decay of a specific class of mRNAs. Genes Dev. 2005 Dec 15;19(24):3004-16. PMID:16357218 doi:19/24/3004
17. ↑ Dienemann C, Schwalb B, Schilbach S, Cramer P. Promoter Distortion and Opening in the RNA Polymerase II Cleft. Mol Cell. 2018 Nov 16. pii: S1097-2765(18)30846-3. doi:, 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.10.014. PMID:30472190 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2018.10.014