Actin

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[[Actin]] is a protein found in all eukaryotic cells.<ref>PMID:11474115</ref> It is the monomer of two types of filaments: microfilaments which are part of the cytoskeleton and thin filaments which are part of muscles. Three isoforms of actin are identified: α (Aa) (or G-actin) found in muscle tissue, β (Ab) and γ (Ag) actins are components of the cytoskeleton. F-actin is Aa bound to ATP. For more details see:<br /> *[[F-actin]]<br /> *[[Non-polymerizable monomeric actin]].<br /> <scene name='Actin/Cv/2'>Click here to see the difference between 2 conformations of bovine Ag actin</scene> (PDB entries [[1hlu]] and [[2btf]]; morph was taken from [http://molmovdb.org/cgi-bin/movie.cgi Gallery of Morphs] of the [http://molmovdb.org Yale Morph Server]). Actin participates in muscle contraction, cell motility, cell division and cytokinesis. Actin associated with myosin is responsible for most cell movements.
[[Actin]] is a protein found in all eukaryotic cells.<ref>PMID:11474115</ref> It is the monomer of two types of filaments: microfilaments which are part of the cytoskeleton and thin filaments which are part of muscles. Three isoforms of actin are identified: α (Aa) (or G-actin) found in muscle tissue, β (Ab) and γ (Ag) actins are components of the cytoskeleton. F-actin is Aa bound to ATP. For more details see:<br /> *[[F-actin]]<br /> *[[Non-polymerizable monomeric actin]].<br /> <scene name='Actin/Cv/2'>Click here to see the difference between 2 conformations of bovine Ag actin</scene> (PDB entries [[1hlu]] and [[2btf]]; morph was taken from [http://molmovdb.org/cgi-bin/movie.cgi Gallery of Morphs] of the [http://molmovdb.org Yale Morph Server]). Actin participates in muscle contraction, cell motility, cell division and cytokinesis. Actin associated with myosin is responsible for most cell movements.
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*'''α actin''' is found exclusively in muscle fibres.<br />
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*'''β actin''' is required for early embryonic development<ref>PMID:21900491</ref>.<br />
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*'''γ actin''' is required for cytoskeletal maintenance<ref>PMID:19497859</ref>.
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See also [[Actin Protein (Hebrew)]]
== Disease ==
== Disease ==
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== Structural highlights ==
== Structural highlights ==
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<scene name='43/430015/Cv/10'>Actin binds ATP</scene> in a cleft. Water molecules are shown as red spheres. <scene name='43/430015/Cv/11'>Click here to see Ca2+ ion coordination site</scene>.<ref>PMID:20540085</ref> It changes its conformation upon hydrolysis of its bound ATP to ADP. Actin filaments are polar. They are formed with all monomers having their clefts pointing in the same direction.
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<scene name='43/430015/Cv/10'>Actin binds ATP</scene> in a cleft. Water molecules are shown as red spheres. <scene name='43/430015/Cv/13'>ATP and Ca2+ ion are located in cleft</scene>. <scene name='43/430015/Cv/11'>Click here to see Ca2+ ion coordination site</scene>.<ref>PMID:20540085</ref> It changes its conformation upon hydrolysis of its bound ATP to ADP. Actin filaments are polar. They are formed with all monomers having their clefts pointing in the same direction.
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</StructureSection>
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== 3D Structures of Actin ==
== 3D Structures of Actin ==
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[[Actin 3D structures]]
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Updated on {{REVISIONDAY2}}-{{MONTHNAME|{{REVISIONMONTH}}}}-{{REVISIONYEAR}}
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</StructureSection>
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{{#tree:id=OrganizedByTopic|openlevels=0|
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* α actin 1 (Aa)
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**[[3hbt]], [[2zwh]], [[1nwk]], [[1j6z]], [[3g37]], [[2y83]] – rAa – rabbit<br />
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**[[2q1n]], [[2q31]], [[2a5x]], [[1rdw]], [[1rfq]], [[1lcu]] – rAa – dimer<br />
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**[[3mfp]], [[4a7n]], [[3jbj]], [[6bnu]] – rAa + ADP – Cryo EM<br />
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**[[2hmp]] – rAa – protease cleaved<br />
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**[[2zwh]], [[2gwj]], [[2gwk]] – rAa-ATP<br />
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**[[3j8i]], [[3j8j]], [[3j8k]], [[6bno]], [[6avb]], [[6av9]], [[5mvy]], [[5mva]] – rAa + ADP – Cryo EM<br />
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**[[3b5u]] – rAa filament – fiber diffraction<br />
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* α actin 1 complex with gelsolin
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**[[1mdu]] – cAa+hGelsolin - chicken<br />
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**[[2ff3]] - rAa+ hGelsolin +domains of hWASP <br />
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**[[1eqy]], [[3cjb]], [[1p8z]], [[3ffk]], [[3tu5]], [[4pkg]], [[4pkh]], [[4pki]] – rAa+hGelsolin<br />
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**[[1rgi]] - rAa+hoGelsolin – horse (ho)<br />
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**[[1t44]] - rAa+hGelsolin/mThymosin β-4 <br />
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**[[4z94]] - rAa+hGelsolin/tropomodulin/leiomodin<br />
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**[[2ff6]] - rAa+DmCiboulot+hGelsolin <br />
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**[[4cbu]], [[5mvv]] – PfAa + gelsolin – ''Plasmodium falciparum''<br />
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**[[4cbw]] – PbAa + gelsolin – ''Plasmodium berghei''<br />
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* α actin 1 complex with small molecule
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**[[2q36]], [[1qz5]] – rAa+kabiramide C + ATP – dimer<br />
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**[[2vyp]] – rAa+myxobacterial rhizopodin + ATP<br />
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**[[1ijj]] - rAa+latrunculin A<br />
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**[[2fxu]] – rAa+bistramide A<br />
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**[[1wua]] – rAa+alpyronine A<br />
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**[[2asm]], [[2asp]] – rAa+reidispongiolide<br />
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**[[2aso]] – rAa+sphinxolide B<br />
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**[[1yxq]] – rAa+swinholide A<br />
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**[[4k41]], [[1qz6]], [[1s22]], [[4k42]], [[4k43]] - rAa+ macrolide<br />
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**[[1s22]] – rAa+ulapualide A<br />
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**[[1qz6]] – rAa+jaspisamide A<br />
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**[[3m6g]] – rAa+lobophorolide<br />
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**[[5ogw]] – PfAa + jasplakinolide + ADP – Cryo EM <br />
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* α actin 1 complex with protein
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**[[2w49]] – cAa +troponin C+ troponin T+ troponin I+ tropomyosin α-1 <br />
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**[[3j4k]] - cAa + tropomyosin<br />
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**[[3j8a]] - mAa + tropomyosin - mouse<br />
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**[[4a7f]], [[4a7h]], [[4a7l]], [[5h53]], [[5kg8]] – rAa + tropomyosin α-1 + myosin heavy chain (mutant) – Cryo EM<br />
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**[[5nol]], [[5noj]], [[5nog]] – Aa + tropomyosin alpha-1 + ADP – pig - Cryo EM<br />
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**[[5jlf]], [[3j8a]] – rAa + tropomyosin alpha-1 + ADP – Cryo EM<br />
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**[[6c1h]], [[6c1g]], [[6c1d]] - rAa + myosin + calmodulin<br />
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**[[6bnv]] - rAa + myosin + calmodulin – Cryo EM<br />
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**[[6bnw]], [[6bnp]] - rAa + myosin – Cryo EM<br />
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**[[6bnq]] - rAa + myosin + ADP – Cryo EM<br />
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**[[2v51]], [[2v52]], [[2yje]], [[2yjf]] – rAa+mMKL/Myocardin-like protein <br />
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**[[2vcp]] – rAa+ neural wiskott-aldrich syndrome protein (hWASP) – human (h)<br />
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**[[2a3z]], [[2a40]], [[2a41]] – rAa+cDNase I+domains of hWASP – cow (c)<br />
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**[[2a42]] – rAa+cDNase I<br />
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**[[4eah]] – rAa + formin-like protein 3 FH2 domain<br />
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**[[3daw]] – rAa+mTwinfilin-1<br />
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**[[3buz]] – rAa+Iota toxin component IA<br />
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**[[4b1u]], [[4b1v]], [[4b1w]], [[4b1x]], [[4b1y]], [[4b1z]] – rAa + phosphatase and actin regulator<br />
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**[[4pl8]] - rAa+ Thymosin β-4<br />
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**[[3u8x]] - rAa+DmThymosin β-4 - ''Drosophila melanogaster''<br />
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**[[1esv]] - rAa+hGelsolin+ latrunculin A<br />
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**[[3cjc]] - rAa+hGelsolin+cDNase I<br />
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**[[2d1k]] - rAa+hWH2 domain of MIN+cDNase I<br />
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**[[2pbd]] – rAa+hProfilin-1<br />
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**[[2pav]] - rAa+hProfilin-1+hVASP<br />
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**[[2q97]] – rAa+toxofilin – ''Toxoplasma gondii''<br />
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**[[2q0r]] – rAa+pectenotoxin-2<br />
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**[[2q0u]] - rAa+pectenotoxin-2+latrunculin B<br />
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**[[1y64]] – rAa+yBNI1 domain FH2 - yeast<br />
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**[[1sqk]] – rAa+DmCiboulot <br />
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**[[3sjh]], [[3u9d]], [[3u9z]] - rAa+DmCiboulot thymosin β-4 domain<br />
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**[[3mn5]] – rAa+ DmSpire WH2 domain<br />
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**[[1lot]], [[1kxp]], [[1ma9]] – rAa+hVitamin D binding protein<br />
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**[[3m1f]] – rAa+VOPL WH2 domain<br />
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**[[3m3n]] – rAa+mN-WASP<br />
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**[[3tpq]] – rAa + MAL RPEL domain<br />
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**[[3ue5]] – rAa + spire domain D<br />
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**[[4gy2]] – rAa + ι toxin component IA <br />
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**[[3jbi]] – rAa + vinculin - CryoEM <br />
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**[[3jbk]] – rAa + metavinculin + ADP - CryoEM <br />
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**[[4wyb]] – rAa + BUD6 <br />
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**[[4v0u]] – rAa + protein phosphatase 1 +serine/threonine protein phosphatase <br />
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**[[4h0t]] – rAa + ι toxin component IA + ADPR<br />
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**[[4h03]], [[4h0v]], [[4h0x]], [[4h0y]] – rAa + ι toxin component IA + NAD<br />
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**[[4jhd]] – DmAa + protein cordon-bleu WH2 domain<br />
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**[[5i9e]] – yAa + actin-related protein 4 + helicase <br />
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**[[5ce3]], [[4ci6]] – Aa + protein kinase YopO – fall armyworm <br />
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* β actin (Ab)
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**[[3lue]] – hAb+hAlpha-actinin <br />
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**[[3byh]] – hAb+hFimbrin ABD2 – Cryo EM<br />
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**[[3j82]] – hAb + DNGR-1 - CryoEM <br />
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**[[6anu]] – hAb + spectrin – Cryo EM <br />
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**[[2oan]] – cAb<br />
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**[[3j0s]] – cAb + cofilin 2<br />
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**[[3u4l]], [[3ub5]] – Ab + profilin-1 - bovine<br />
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**[[4cbx]] – PbAb + gelsolin <br />
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* γ 1 actin (Ag)
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**[[1atn]] – rAg+cDNase I<br />
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**[[3chw]] – Major DdAg+hProfilin+poly-Pro repeat – ''Dictyostelium discoideum''<br />
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**[[3ci5]], [[3cip]], [[1nmd]] - Major DdAg+hGelsolin<br />
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**[[3a5l]], [[3a5m]], [[3a5n]], [[3a5o]] - Major DdAg+hGelsolin (mutant)<br />
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**[[1c0g]], [[1dej]] – DdAg:tetrahymenatA+hGelsolin<br />
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**[[1nm1]] - DdAg+hGelsolin+Mg-ATP<br />
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**[[1nlv]], [[1c0f]] – DdAg+hGelsolin<br />
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**[[1d4x]] – Ag 1/3+hGelsolin – ''C. elegans''<br />
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**[[1h1v]] – hAg+rGelsolin<br />
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**[[5jlh]] – hAg + myosin-14 + tropomyosin alpha-3 – Cryo-EM <br />
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**[[1hlu]], [[2btf]] – cAg+cProfilin<br />
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**[[1o1g]], [[1o1a]], [[1o1b]], [[1o1c]], [[1o1d]], [[1o1e]], [[1o1f]], [[1o18]], [[1o19]], [[1mvw]], [[1m8q]] –cAg+cMyosin II - tomography<br />
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**[[3eks]] – DmAg 5c (mutant)<br />
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**[[3eku]] – DmAg 5c (mutant)+cytochalasin D<br />
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**[[3el2]], [[2hf4]] - DmAg 5c (mutant)+Ca-ATP<br />
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**[[2hf3]] - DmAg 5c (mutant)+Ca-ADP<br />
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**[[3w3d]] – cAg + DNase I<br />
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**[[3b63]] – actin filament – ''Limulus polyphemus''<br />
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**[[1yvn]] – yA (mutant)+hGelsolin <br />
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**[[1yag]] - yA+hGelsolin<br />
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**[[3mmv]] – DmA-5C+spire WH2 domain<br />
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**[[3mn6]], [[3mn7]], [[3mn9]] - DmA-5C (mutant)+spire<br />
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* Actin 5C (A5C)
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**[[4rwt]], [[5wfn]] – DmA5C + leiomodin<br />
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**[[4efh]] – A + spire domains C,D – ''Acanthamoeba castellanii''
 
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}}
 
== Reference ==
== Reference ==
<references/>
<references/>
[[Category:Topic Page]]
[[Category:Topic Page]]

Current revision

Native G-actin with methyl-histidine complex with ATP, sulfate and Ca+2 ion (green) 3hbt

Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate


Reference

  1. ↑ Otterbein LR, Graceffa P, Dominguez R. The crystal structure of uncomplexed actin in the ADP state. Science. 2001 Jul 27;293(5530):708-11. PMID:11474115 doi:10.1126/science.1059700
  2. ↑ Bunnell TM, Burbach BJ, Shimizu Y, Ervasti JM. β-Actin specifically controls cell growth, migration, and the G-actin pool. Mol Biol Cell. 2011 Nov;22(21):4047-58. PMID:21900491 doi:10.1091/mbc.E11-06-0582
  3. ↑ Belyantseva IA, Perrin BJ, Sonnemann KJ, Zhu M, Stepanyan R, McGee J, Frolenkov GI, Walsh EJ, Friderici KH, Friedman TB, Ervasti JM. Gamma-actin is required for cytoskeletal maintenance but not development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Jun 16;106(24):9703-8. PMID:19497859 doi:10.1073/pnas.0900221106
  4. ↑ Wang H, Robinson RC, Burtnick LD. The structure of native G-actin. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken). 2010 Jul;67(7):456-65. PMID:20540085 doi:10.1002/cm.20458

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