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| | <StructureSection load='6u2g' size='340' side='right'caption='[[6u2g]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 2.89Å' scene=''> | | <StructureSection load='6u2g' size='340' side='right'caption='[[6u2g]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 2.89Å' scene=''> |
| | == Structural highlights == | | == Structural highlights == |
| - | <table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[6u2g]] is a 2 chain structure. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=6U2G OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6U2G FirstGlance]. <br> | + | <table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[6u2g]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=6U2G OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6U2G FirstGlance]. <br> |
| - | </td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><scene name='pdbligand=ACP:PHOSPHOMETHYLPHOSPHONIC+ACID+ADENYLATE+ESTER'>ACP</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=MG:MAGNESIUM+ION'>MG</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=SO4:SULFATE+ION'>SO4</scene></td></tr> | + | </td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 2.886Å</td></tr> |
| - | <tr id='activity'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitogen-activated_protein_kinase_kinase Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase], with EC number [http://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.12.2 2.7.12.2] </span></td></tr>
| + | <tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=ACP:PHOSPHOMETHYLPHOSPHONIC+ACID+ADENYLATE+ESTER'>ACP</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=MG:MAGNESIUM+ION'>MG</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=SO4:SULFATE+ION'>SO4</scene></td></tr> |
| - | <tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-docs/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6u2g FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=6u2g OCA], [http://pdbe.org/6u2g PDBe], [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=6u2g RCSB], [http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/6u2g PDBsum], [http://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=6u2g ProSAT]</span></td></tr> | + | <tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=6u2g FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=6u2g OCA], [https://pdbe.org/6u2g PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=6u2g RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/6u2g PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=6u2g ProSAT]</span></td></tr> |
| | </table> | | </table> |
| | == Disease == | | == Disease == |
| - | [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/MP2K1_HUMAN MP2K1_HUMAN]] Defects in MAP2K1 are a cause of cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFC syndrome) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/115150 115150]]; also known as cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome. CFC syndrome is characterized by a distinctive facial appearance, heart defects and mental retardation. Heart defects include pulmonic stenosis, atrial septal defects and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Some affected individuals present with ectodermal abnormalities such as sparse, friable hair, hyperkeratotic skin lesions and a generalized ichthyosis-like condition. Typical facial features are similar to Noonan syndrome. They include high forehead with bitemporal constriction, hypoplastic supraorbital ridges, downslanting palpebral fissures, a depressed nasal bridge, and posteriorly angulated ears with prominent helices. The inheritance of CFC syndrome is autosomal dominant. [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/BRAF_HUMAN BRAF_HUMAN]] Note=Defects in BRAF are found in a wide range of cancers.<ref>PMID:18974108</ref> Defects in BRAF may be a cause of colorectal cancer (CRC) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/114500 114500]].<ref>PMID:18974108</ref> Defects in BRAF are involved in lung cancer (LNCR) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/211980 211980]]. LNCR is a common malignancy affecting tissues of the lung. The most common form of lung cancer is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that can be divided into 3 major histologic subtypes: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell lung cancer. NSCLC is often diagnosed at an advanced stage and has a poor prognosis.<ref>PMID:18974108</ref> <ref>PMID:12460919</ref> Defects in BRAF are involved in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/605027 605027]]. NHL is a cancer that starts in cells of the lymph system, which is part of the body's immune system. NHLs can occur at any age and are often marked by enlarged lymph nodes, fever and weight loss.<ref>PMID:18974108</ref> <ref>PMID:14612909</ref> Defects in BRAF are a cause of cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFC syndrome) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/115150 115150]]; also known as cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome. CFC syndrome is characterized by a distinctive facial appearance, heart defects and mental retardation. Heart defects include pulmonic stenosis, atrial septal defects and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Some affected individuals present with ectodermal abnormalities such as sparse, friable hair, hyperkeratotic skin lesions and a generalized ichthyosis-like condition. Typical facial features are similar to Noonan syndrome. They include high forehead with bitemporal constriction, hypoplastic supraorbital ridges, downslanting palpebral fissures, a depressed nasal bridge, and posteriorly angulated ears with prominent helices. The inheritance of CFC syndrome is autosomal dominant.<ref>PMID:18974108</ref> Defects in BRAF are the cause of Noonan syndrome type 7 (NS7) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/613706 613706]]. Noonan syndrome is a disorder characterized by facial dysmorphic features such as hypertelorism, a downward eyeslant and low-set posteriorly rotated ears. Other features can include short stature, a short neck with webbing or redundancy of skin, cardiac anomalies, deafness, motor delay and variable intellectual deficits.<ref>PMID:18974108</ref> <ref>PMID:19206169</ref> Defects in BRAF are the cause of LEOPARD syndrome type 3 (LEOPARD3) [MIM:[http://omim.org/entry/613707 613707]]. LEOPARD3 is a disorder characterized by lentigines, electrocardiographic conduction abnormalities, ocular hypertelorism, pulmonic stenosis, abnormalities of genitalia, retardation of growth, and sensorineural deafness.<ref>PMID:18974108</ref> <ref>PMID:19206169</ref> Note=A chromosomal aberration involving BRAF is found in pilocytic astrocytomas. A tandem duplication of 2 Mb at 7q34 leads to the expression of a KIAA1549-BRAF fusion protein with a constitutive kinase activity and inducing cell transformation.<ref>PMID:18974108</ref> | + | [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/MP2K1_HUMAN MP2K1_HUMAN] Defects in MAP2K1 are a cause of cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFC syndrome) [MIM:[https://omim.org/entry/115150 115150]; also known as cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome. CFC syndrome is characterized by a distinctive facial appearance, heart defects and mental retardation. Heart defects include pulmonic stenosis, atrial septal defects and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Some affected individuals present with ectodermal abnormalities such as sparse, friable hair, hyperkeratotic skin lesions and a generalized ichthyosis-like condition. Typical facial features are similar to Noonan syndrome. They include high forehead with bitemporal constriction, hypoplastic supraorbital ridges, downslanting palpebral fissures, a depressed nasal bridge, and posteriorly angulated ears with prominent helices. The inheritance of CFC syndrome is autosomal dominant. |
| | == Function == | | == Function == |
| - | [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/MP2K1_HUMAN MP2K1_HUMAN]] Dual specificity protein kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. Binding of extracellular ligands such as growth factors, cytokines and hormones to their cell-surface receptors activates RAS and this initiates RAF1 activation. RAF1 then further activates the dual-specificity protein kinases MAP2K1/MEK1 and MAP2K2/MEK2. Both MAP2K1/MEK1 and MAP2K2/MEK2 function specifically in the MAPK/ERK cascade, and catalyze the concomitant phosphorylation of a threonine and a tyrosine residue in a Thr-Glu-Tyr sequence located in the extracellular signal-regulated kinases MAPK3/ERK1 and MAPK1/ERK2, leading to their activation and further transduction of the signal within the MAPK/ERK cascade. Depending on the cellular context, this pathway mediates diverse biological functions such as cell growth, adhesion, survival and differentiation, predominantly through the regulation of transcription, metabolism and cytoskeletal rearrangements. One target of the MAPK/ERK cascade is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), a nuclear receptor that promotes differentiation and apoptosis. MAP2K1/MEK1 has been shown to export PPARG from the nucleus. The MAPK/ERK cascade is also involved in the regulation of endosomal dynamics, including lysosome processing and endosome cycling through the perinuclear recycling compartment (PNRC), as well as in the fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus during mitosis.<ref>PMID:14737111</ref> <ref>PMID:17101779</ref> [[http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/BRAF_HUMAN BRAF_HUMAN]] Involved in the transduction of mitogenic signals from the cell membrane to the nucleus. May play a role in the postsynaptic responses of hippocampal neuron. | + | [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/MP2K1_HUMAN MP2K1_HUMAN] Dual specificity protein kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. Binding of extracellular ligands such as growth factors, cytokines and hormones to their cell-surface receptors activates RAS and this initiates RAF1 activation. RAF1 then further activates the dual-specificity protein kinases MAP2K1/MEK1 and MAP2K2/MEK2. Both MAP2K1/MEK1 and MAP2K2/MEK2 function specifically in the MAPK/ERK cascade, and catalyze the concomitant phosphorylation of a threonine and a tyrosine residue in a Thr-Glu-Tyr sequence located in the extracellular signal-regulated kinases MAPK3/ERK1 and MAPK1/ERK2, leading to their activation and further transduction of the signal within the MAPK/ERK cascade. Depending on the cellular context, this pathway mediates diverse biological functions such as cell growth, adhesion, survival and differentiation, predominantly through the regulation of transcription, metabolism and cytoskeletal rearrangements. One target of the MAPK/ERK cascade is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), a nuclear receptor that promotes differentiation and apoptosis. MAP2K1/MEK1 has been shown to export PPARG from the nucleus. The MAPK/ERK cascade is also involved in the regulation of endosomal dynamics, including lysosome processing and endosome cycling through the perinuclear recycling compartment (PNRC), as well as in the fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus during mitosis.<ref>PMID:14737111</ref> <ref>PMID:17101779</ref> |
| | + | <div style="background-color:#fffaf0;"> |
| | + | == Publication Abstract from PubMed == |
| | + | The RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling axis is frequently activated in human cancers. Physiological concentrations of ATP prevent formation of RAF kinase-domain (RAF(KD)) dimers that are critical for activity. Here we present a 2.9-A-resolution crystal structure of human BRAF(KD) in complex with MEK and the ATP analog AMP-PCP, revealing interactions between BRAF and ATP that induce an inactive, monomeric conformation of BRAF(KD). We also determine how 14-3-3 relieves the negative regulatory effect of ATP through a 2.5-A-resolution crystal structure of the BRAF(KD)-14-3-3 complex, in which dimeric 14-3-3 enforces a dimeric BRAF(KD) assembly to increase BRAF activity. Our data suggest that most oncogenic BRAF mutations alter interactions with ATP and counteract the negative effects of ATP binding by lowering the threshold for RAF dimerization and pathway activation. Our study establishes a framework for rationalizing oncogenic BRAF mutations and provides new avenues for improved RAF-inhibitor discovery. |
| | + | |
| | + | Negative regulation of RAF kinase activity by ATP is overcome by 14-3-3-induced dimerization.,Liau NPD, Wendorff TJ, Quinn JG, Steffek M, Phung W, Liu P, Tang J, Irudayanathan FJ, Izadi S, Shaw AS, Malek S, Hymowitz SG, Sudhamsu J Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2020 Jan 27. pii: 10.1038/s41594-019-0365-0. doi:, 10.1038/s41594-019-0365-0. PMID:31988522<ref>PMID:31988522</ref> |
| | + | |
| | + | From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.<br> |
| | + | </div> |
| | + | <div class="pdbe-citations 6u2g" style="background-color:#fffaf0;"></div> |
| | + | |
| | + | ==See Also== |
| | + | *[[Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3D structures|Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3D structures]] |
| | + | *[[Serine/threonine protein kinase 3D structures|Serine/threonine protein kinase 3D structures]] |
| | == References == | | == References == |
| | <references/> | | <references/> |
| | __TOC__ | | __TOC__ |
| | </StructureSection> | | </StructureSection> |
| | + | [[Category: Homo sapiens]] |
| | [[Category: Large Structures]] | | [[Category: Large Structures]] |
| - | [[Category: Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase]]
| + | [[Category: Hymowitz S]] |
| - | [[Category: Hymowitz, S]] | + | [[Category: Liau NPD]] |
| - | [[Category: Liau, N P.D]] | + | [[Category: Sudhamsu J]] |
| - | [[Category: Sudhamsu, J]] | + | [[Category: Wendorff T]] |
| - | [[Category: Wendorff, T]] | + | |
| - | [[Category: Amp-pcp]]
| + | |
| - | [[Category: Dimer]]
| + | |
| - | [[Category: Kinase]]
| + | |
| - | [[Category: Signaling protei]]
| + | |
| - | [[Category: Transferase]]
| + | |
| Structural highlights
Disease
MP2K1_HUMAN Defects in MAP2K1 are a cause of cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFC syndrome) [MIM:115150; also known as cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome. CFC syndrome is characterized by a distinctive facial appearance, heart defects and mental retardation. Heart defects include pulmonic stenosis, atrial septal defects and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Some affected individuals present with ectodermal abnormalities such as sparse, friable hair, hyperkeratotic skin lesions and a generalized ichthyosis-like condition. Typical facial features are similar to Noonan syndrome. They include high forehead with bitemporal constriction, hypoplastic supraorbital ridges, downslanting palpebral fissures, a depressed nasal bridge, and posteriorly angulated ears with prominent helices. The inheritance of CFC syndrome is autosomal dominant.
Function
MP2K1_HUMAN Dual specificity protein kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. Binding of extracellular ligands such as growth factors, cytokines and hormones to their cell-surface receptors activates RAS and this initiates RAF1 activation. RAF1 then further activates the dual-specificity protein kinases MAP2K1/MEK1 and MAP2K2/MEK2. Both MAP2K1/MEK1 and MAP2K2/MEK2 function specifically in the MAPK/ERK cascade, and catalyze the concomitant phosphorylation of a threonine and a tyrosine residue in a Thr-Glu-Tyr sequence located in the extracellular signal-regulated kinases MAPK3/ERK1 and MAPK1/ERK2, leading to their activation and further transduction of the signal within the MAPK/ERK cascade. Depending on the cellular context, this pathway mediates diverse biological functions such as cell growth, adhesion, survival and differentiation, predominantly through the regulation of transcription, metabolism and cytoskeletal rearrangements. One target of the MAPK/ERK cascade is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), a nuclear receptor that promotes differentiation and apoptosis. MAP2K1/MEK1 has been shown to export PPARG from the nucleus. The MAPK/ERK cascade is also involved in the regulation of endosomal dynamics, including lysosome processing and endosome cycling through the perinuclear recycling compartment (PNRC), as well as in the fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus during mitosis.[1] [2]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
The RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling axis is frequently activated in human cancers. Physiological concentrations of ATP prevent formation of RAF kinase-domain (RAF(KD)) dimers that are critical for activity. Here we present a 2.9-A-resolution crystal structure of human BRAF(KD) in complex with MEK and the ATP analog AMP-PCP, revealing interactions between BRAF and ATP that induce an inactive, monomeric conformation of BRAF(KD). We also determine how 14-3-3 relieves the negative regulatory effect of ATP through a 2.5-A-resolution crystal structure of the BRAF(KD)-14-3-3 complex, in which dimeric 14-3-3 enforces a dimeric BRAF(KD) assembly to increase BRAF activity. Our data suggest that most oncogenic BRAF mutations alter interactions with ATP and counteract the negative effects of ATP binding by lowering the threshold for RAF dimerization and pathway activation. Our study establishes a framework for rationalizing oncogenic BRAF mutations and provides new avenues for improved RAF-inhibitor discovery.
Negative regulation of RAF kinase activity by ATP is overcome by 14-3-3-induced dimerization.,Liau NPD, Wendorff TJ, Quinn JG, Steffek M, Phung W, Liu P, Tang J, Irudayanathan FJ, Izadi S, Shaw AS, Malek S, Hymowitz SG, Sudhamsu J Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2020 Jan 27. pii: 10.1038/s41594-019-0365-0. doi:, 10.1038/s41594-019-0365-0. PMID:31988522[3]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
See Also
References
- ↑ Liu X, Yan S, Zhou T, Terada Y, Erikson RL. The MAP kinase pathway is required for entry into mitosis and cell survival. Oncogene. 2004 Jan 22;23(3):763-76. PMID:14737111 doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207188
- ↑ Burgermeister E, Chuderland D, Hanoch T, Meyer M, Liscovitch M, Seger R. Interaction with MEK causes nuclear export and downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Mol Cell Biol. 2007 Feb;27(3):803-17. Epub 2006 Nov 13. PMID:17101779 doi:10.1128/MCB.00601-06
- ↑ Liau NPD, Wendorff TJ, Quinn JG, Steffek M, Phung W, Liu P, Tang J, Irudayanathan FJ, Izadi S, Shaw AS, Malek S, Hymowitz SG, Sudhamsu J. Negative regulation of RAF kinase activity by ATP is overcome by 14-3-3-induced dimerization. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2020 Jan 27. pii: 10.1038/s41594-019-0365-0. doi:, 10.1038/s41594-019-0365-0. PMID:31988522 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41594-019-0365-0
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