Phosphodiesterase

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Yeast phosphodiesterase 1 complex with GMP, MPD and Zn+2 (grey) ions (PDB entry 4ojx)

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1 Function
2 Relevance
3 Structural highlights
4 3D Structures of phosphodiesterase

Function

3'5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDE) are enzymes that hydrolyze the 3',5'-phosphodiester bond in cyclic nucleotides (e.g., cAMP, cGMP). PDEs operate in concert with cyclases (adenylate cyclase or guanylate cyclase) to regulate the cellular concentration of cyclic nucleotides. cAMP and cGMP serve as intracellular second messengers for a multitude of signaling pathways, including sensory transduction, hormone signaling, and neurotransmitter signaling. In mammals, 11 distinct families of PDEs have been identified which share a highly homologous catalytic domain (pfam:00233, PDEase_I).
Tyrosyl-DNA PDE hydrolyzes phosphodiester bond at the 3’-end of DNA linked to a tyrosyl moiety.
Glycerophosphodiester PDE hydrolyzes various glycerophosphodiesters to release glycerol-3-phosphate and alcohol.
PDE 1 is calcium/calmodulin dependent^[1].
PDE 2 is cGMP-dependent 3’,5’-cyclic PDE^[2].
PDE 3 is expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells^[3].
PDE 4a-d are cCMP-specific and regulate cAMP levels and signaling. PDE4s are expressed differently in different cell types but posses similar catalytic and regulatory domains.
PDE 5 is cGMP-specific.
PDE 6 is the primary effector of retinal phototransduction^[4]. See details in User:Rick H. Cote/PDE6. See Rhodopsin.
PDE 7 is expressed in lymphocytes and certain brain regions and is involved in pre inflammatory processes^[5].
PDE 8 regulates chemotaxis of activated lymphocytes^[6].
PDE 9 regulates cGMP levels^[7].
PDE 10 is expressed in striatum^[8].
PDE 12 is a negative regulator of the innate immune response^[9].
PDE b1 see T. brucei Phosphodiesterase B1.
U6 snRNA PDE trims the poly(U) tract of the last nucleotides in the pre-U6 snRNA molecule^[10].
Diguanylate PDE hydrolyzes c-di-GMP into linear dimeric GMP^[11].

Specific phosphodiesterases are in C-di-GMP specific phosphodiesterases.

Relevance

PDE4 inhibitors are used in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases^[12]. PDE5 inhibitors like viagra are used for premature ejaculation^[13]. PDE7 inhibitors are tested as potential drugs for neurological disorders. PDE10 inhibitors are tested as modifiers of Parkinson disease^[14].

Structural highlights

The yeast PDE 1 is located between 2 monomers and contains ^[15]. Water molecules shown as red spheres.

3D Structures of phosphodiesterase

Phosphodiesterase 3D structures

References

↑ Schermuly RT, Pullamsetti SS, Kwapiszewska G, Dumitrascu R, Tian X, Weissmann N, Ghofrani HA, Kaulen C, Dunkern T, Schudt C, Voswinckel R, Zhou J, Samidurai A, Klepetko W, Paddenberg R, Kummer W, Seeger W, Grimminger F. Phosphodiesterase 1 upregulation in pulmonary arterial hypertension: target for reverse-remodeling therapy. Circulation. 2007 May 1;115(17):2331-9. Epub 2007 Apr 16. PMID:17438150 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.676809
↑ Whalin ME, Scammell JG, Strada SJ, Thompson WJ. Phosphodiesterase II, the cGMP-activatable cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, regulates cyclic AMP metabolism in PC12 cells. Mol Pharmacol. 1991 Jun;39(6):711-7. PMID:1646946
↑ Tilley DG, Maurice DH. Vascular smooth muscle cell phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3 and PDE4 activities and levels are regulated by cyclic AMP in vivo. Mol Pharmacol. 2002 Sep;62(3):497-506. PMID:12181425
↑ Morin F, Lugnier C, Kameni J, Voisin P. Expression and role of phosphodiesterase 6 in the chicken pineal gland. J Neurochem. 2001 Jul;78(1):88-99. PMID:11432976
↑ Redondo M, Brea J, Perez DI, Soteras I, Val C, Perez C, Morales-Garcia JA, Alonso-Gil S, Paul-Fernandez N, Martin-Alvarez R, Cadavid MI, Loza MI, Perez-Castillo A, Mengod G, Campillo NE, Martinez A, Gil C. Effect of phosphodiesterase 7 (PDE7) inhibitors in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. Discovery of a new chemically diverse family of compounds. J Med Chem. 2012 Apr 12;55(7):3274-84. doi: 10.1021/jm201720d. Epub 2012 Mar 16. PMID:22385507 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm201720d
↑ Dong H, Osmanova V, Epstein PM, Brocke S. Phosphodiesterase 8 (PDE8) regulates chemotaxis of activated lymphocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Jun 30;345(2):713-9. Epub 2006 May 3. PMID:16696947 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.04.143
↑ Singh N, Patra S. Phosphodiesterase 9: insights from protein structure and role in therapeutics. Life Sci. 2014 Jun 13;106(1-2):1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.04.007. Epub 2014, Apr 16. PMID:24746902 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2014.04.007
↑ Qiu Y, Yanase T, Hu H, Tanaka T, Nishi Y, Liu M, Sueishi K, Sawamura T, Nawata H. Dihydrotestosterone suppresses foam cell formation and attenuates atherosclerosis development. Endocrinology. 2010 Jul;151(7):3307-16. doi: 10.1210/en.2009-1268. Epub 2010 Apr , 28. PMID:20427482 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2009-1268
↑ Wood ER, Bledsoe R, Chai J, Daka P, Deng H, Ding Y, Harris-Gurley S, Kryn LH, Nartey E, Nichols J, Nolte RT, Prabhu N, Rise C, Sheahan T, Shotwell JB, Smith D, Tai V, Taylor JD, Tomberlin G, Wang L, Wisely B, You S, Xia B, Dickson H. The Role of Phosphodiesterase 12 (PDE12) as a Negative Regulator of the Innate Immune Response and the Discovery of Antiviral Inhibitors. J Biol Chem. 2015 Jun 8. pii: jbc.M115.653113. PMID:26055709 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M115.653113
↑ Mroczek S, Krwawicz J, Kutner J, Lazniewski M, Kucinski I, Ginalski K, Dziembowski A. C16orf57, a gene mutated in poikiloderma with neutropenia, encodes a putative phosphodiesterase responsible for the U6 snRNA 3' end modification. Genes Dev. 2012 Sep 1;26(17):1911-25. doi: 10.1101/gad.193169.112. Epub 2012 Aug , 16. PMID:22899009 doi:10.1101/gad.193169.112
↑ Schmidt AJ, Ryjenkov DA, Gomelsky M. The ubiquitous protein domain EAL is a cyclic diguanylate-specific phosphodiesterase: enzymatically active and inactive EAL domains. J Bacteriol. 2005 Jul;187(14):4774-81. PMID:15995192 doi:http://dx.doi.org/187/14/4774
↑ Jin SL, Ding SL, Lin SC. Phosphodiesterase 4 and its inhibitors in inflammatory diseases. Chang Gung Med J. 2012 May-Jun;35(3):197-210. PMID:22735051
↑ Reffelmann T, Kloner RA. Cardiovascular effects of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors. Curr Pharm Des. 2006;12(27):3485-94. PMID:17017941
↑ Garcia AM, Redondo M, Martinez A, Gil C. Phosphodiesterase 10 inhibitors: new disease modifying drugs for Parkinson's disease? Curr Med Chem. 2014 Apr;21(10):1171-87. PMID:24372206
↑ Tian Y, Cui W, Huang M, Robinson H, Wan Y, Wang Y, Ke H. Dual specificity and novel structural folding of yeast phosphodiesterase-1 for hydrolysis of second messengers cyclic adenosine and guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate. Biochemistry. 2014 Aug 5;53(30):4938-45. doi: 10.1021/bi500406h. Epub 2014 Jul, 22. PMID:25050706 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi500406h

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Michal Harel, Alexander Berchansky, Joel L. Sussman, Rick H. Cote

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Phosphodiesterase

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Function

Relevance

Structural highlights

3D Structures of phosphodiesterase

References

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@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 *  '''PDE 4a-d''' are cCMP-specific and regulate cAMP levels and signaling.  PDE4s are expressed differently in different cell types but posses similar catalytic and regulatory domains.
 *  '''PDE 5''' is cGMP-specific.
-*  '''PDE 6''' is the primary effector of retinal phototransduction<ref>PMID:11432976</ref>. See details in [[User:Rick H. Cote/PDE6]].
+*  '''PDE 6''' is the primary effector of retinal phototransduction<ref>PMID:11432976</ref>. See details in [[User:Rick H. Cote/PDE6]]. See [[Rhodopsin]].
 *  '''PDE 7''' is expressed in lymphocytes and certain brain regions and is involved in pre inflammatory processes<ref>PMID:22385507</ref>.
 *  '''PDE 8''' regulates chemotaxis of activated lymphocytes<ref>PMID:16696947</ref>.
@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 *  '''PDE 10''' is expressed in striatum<ref>PMID:20427482</ref>.
 *  '''PDE 12''' is a negative regulator of the innate immune response<ref>PMID:26055709</ref>.
+*  '''PDE b1''' see [[T. brucei Phosphodiesterase B1]].
 *  '''U6 snRNA PDE''' trims the poly(U) tract of the last nucleotides in the pre-U6 snRNA molecule<ref>PMID:22899009</ref>.
 *  '''Diguanylate PDE''' hydrolyzes c-di-GMP into linear dimeric GMP<ref>PMID:15995192</ref>.
@@ Line 31: / Line 32: @@
 </StructureSection>
-== 3D Structures of phosphodiesterase==
-Updated on {{REVISIONDAY2}}-{{MONTHNAME|{{REVISIONMONTH}}}}-{{REVISIONYEAR}}
-{{#tree:id=OrganizedByTopic|openlevels=0|
-*cAMP PDE
-**[[1loi]] – rPDE N terminal – rat – NMR<BR />
-**[[3ib7]] – MtPDE – ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis''<BR />
-**[[3ib8]] – MtPDE + AMP
-*cGMP PDE or cyclic di-GMP PDE
-**[[1ksg]], [[1ksh]], [[1ksj]] – hPDE δ subunit + ARF-like protein - human<BR />
-**[[2ju4]] - bPDE γ subunit – bovine - NMR<BR />
-**[[6mzb]] - bPDE α,β,γ subunits – Cryo EM<br />
-**[[4kie]], [[4lyk]] - EcPDE EAL domain – ''Escherichia coli''<br />
-**[[4lj3]] - EcPDE EAL domain + GMP<br />
-**[[4r8z]] - PaPDE HD-GYP domain + Ni – ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''<br />
-**[[2bas]] – BsYkuI – ''Bacillus subtilis''<br />
-**[[2w27]] – BsYkuI + C-di-GMP
-**[[3gfx]], [[3gfy]], [[3gfz]], [[3gg0]], [[3gg1]] – KpBlrP1 + C-di-GMP - ''Klebsiella pneumoniae''<br />
-**[[2kb2]] - KpBlrP1 BLUF domain - NMR
-*PDE 1
-**[[4ojv]] – yPDE – yeast<br />
-**[[4ojx]] – yPDE + GMP<br />
-*PDE 1b or calcium/calmodulin-dependent 3’,5’-cyclic PDE
-**[[1taz]] – hPDE 1b catalytic domain – human<BR />
-**[[5up0]], [[5uoy]] - hPDE 1b catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
-**[[5b25]] - hPDE 1b catalytic domain (mutant) + inhibitor<br />
-**[[2r8q]] - PDE 1b catalytic domain + inhibitor – ''Leishmania major''<br />
-*PDE 2A or cGMP-dependent 3’,5’-cyclic PDE
-**[[1f0j]] – mPDE 2a regulatory domain (mutant) – mouse<BR />
-**[[1z1l]], [[3ibj]], [[3itm]] - hPDE 2a catalytic domain<BR />
-**[[3itu]], [[4htx]], [[4htz]], [[4jib]], [[4d08]], [[4d09]], [[5xkm]], [[5vp0]], [[5vp1]], [[5u7l]], [[5u7k]], [[5u7j]], [[5u7i]], [[5u7d]], [[5u00]], [[5tzz]], [[5tzx]], [[5tzw]], [[5tzh]], [[5tzc]], [[5tza]], [[5tz3]], [[6ezf]], [[6c7j]], [[6c7i]], [[6c7g]], [[6c7f]], [[6c7e]], [[6c7d]], [[6b98]], [[6b97]], [[6b96]], [[4c1i]], [[6cyd]], [[6cyc]], [[6cyb]], [[6blf]] - hPDE 2a catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
-**[[1f0j]] – mPDE 2a regulatory domain (mutant) – mouse<BR />
-**[[6cpu]] - CaPDE  2 – ''Candida albicans''<br />
-**[[6cpt]] - CaPDE  2 + IBMX<br />
-*PDE 2H or RNA 2’,3’-cyclic PDE
-**[[5ldi]] - EcPDE  <br />
-**[[5ldq]] - EcPDE + NADP <br />
-**[[5ldp]], [[5ldo]], [[5ldm]], [[5ldk]] - EcPDE + nucleotide <br />
-**[[5ldj]] - EcPDE + Pi <br />
-**[[5h7f]], [[5f7e]] - PDE core domain – ''Deinococcus radiodurans''<br />
-*PDE 3
-**[[1so2]], [[1soj]] – hPDE 3b catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
-**[[5z7c]] – PDE 3 (mutant) – ''Vibrio cholerae''  <br />
-*PDE 4a
-**[[3i8v]], [[3tvx]] – hPDE 4a catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
-**[[6fg5]], [[6ezu]] - PDE  4a residues 230-597 – ''Schistosoma mansoni''<br />
-*PDE 4b or cAMP-specific 3’,5’-cyclic PDE
-**[[1f0j]], [[4wzi]]– hPDE 4b catalytic domain (mutant) <BR />
-**[[1ro6]], [[1xmy]], [[1xn0]] - hPDE 4b catalytic domain + anti-inflammatory drug<br />
-**[[1xot]] - hPDE 4b catalytic domain + drug<br />
-**[[1tb5]], [[1ro9]], [[1ror]] - hPDE 4b catalytic domain + AMP<BR />
-**[[1y2h]], [[1y2j]], [[2qyl]], [[3d3p]], [[3kkt]], [[3frg]], [[3gwt]], [[3ly2]], [[3hmv]], [[3o56]], [[3o57]], [[3o0j]], [[3w5e]], [[3wd9]], [[4myq]], [[4kp6]], [[4nw7]], [[5k6j]], [[5ohj]], [[5laq]] - hPDE 4b catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
-**[[4x0f]] - hPDE 4b catalytic domain (mutant) + inhibitor<br />
-**[[3g45]] - hPDE 4b catalytic domain + modulator
-*PDE 4c
-**[[2qym]] – hPDE 4c catalytic domain
-*PDE 4d or cAMP-specific 3’5’-cyclic PDE 4d, [[6fdc]], [[6f8x]], [[6f8w]], [[6f8v]], [[6f8u]], [[6f8t]], [[6f8r]], [[6f6u]], [[5wh6]], [[5wh5]], [[5lbo]]
-**[[1e9k]] - hPDE 4d5 N terminal – NMR<BR />
-**[[1mkd]], [[1oyn]], [[1q9m]], [[1tbb]], [[1xoq]], [[3g4k]], [[3g4l]] - hPDE 4d catalytic domain + anti-inflammatory drug<br />
-**[[1xlx]], [[1xlz]], [[1xm4]], [[1xm6]], [[1xmu]], [[1xom]], [[1xon]], [[1xor]], [[1xos]], [[3iak]] - hPDE 4d catalytic domain + drug<br />
-**[[1ptw]], [[1tb7]] - hPDE 4d catalytic domain + AMP<BR />
-**[[2pw3]] - hPDE 4d catalytic domain (mutant) + AMP<BR />
-**[[1y2b]], [[1y2c]], [[1y2d]], [[1y2e]], [[1y2k]], [[1zkn]], [[2fm0]], [[2fm5]], [[2qyn]], [[3k4s]], [[3sl3]], [[3sl4]], [[3sl5]], [[3sl6]], [[3sl8]], [[3v9b]], [[5wqa]], [[5tkb]], [[5k32]], [[5k1i]], [[4wcu]], [[4w1o]], [[4ogb]], [[6fdc]], [[6f8x]], [[6f8w]], [[6f8v]], [[6f8u]], [[6f8t]], [[6f8r]], [[6f6u]], [[5wh6]], [[5wh5]], [[5lbo]], [[6rcw]], [[6inm]], [[6ink]], [[6ind]], [[6imt]], [[6imr]], [[6imo]], [[6imd]], [[6imi]], [[6imb]], [[6im6]], [[6hwo]], [[6fw3]], [[6ftw]], [[6fta]], [[6ft0]], [[6fet]], [[6feb]], [[6fe7]], [[6fdi]], [[6boj]] - hPDE 4d catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
-**[[6njj]], [[6nji]], [[6njh]] - hPDE 4d catalytic domain (mutant) + inhibitor<br />
-**[[3iad]], [[3g4g]], [[3g4i]], [[3g58]] - hPDE 4d catalytic domain + modulator
-*PDE 5 or cGMP-specific 3’,5’-cyclic PDE
-**[[2h40]] - hPDE 5a catalytic domain <BR />
-**[[1t9r]] - hPDE 5 catalytic domain<BR />
-**[[3lfv]], [[3mf0]], [[2xss]] - hPDE 5a GAF domain<BR />
-**[[1rkp]], [[3tgg]] – hPDE 5a1 catalytic domain (mutant) + inhibitor<br />
-**[[2chm]], [[4oex]], [[4oew]], [[4g2w]], [[4g2y]], [[4i9z]], [[4ia0]], [[4md6]], [[5jo3]], [[6acb]], [[5zz2]] - hPDE 5a catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
-**[[2h44]], [[3bjc]], [[3hc8]], [[3hdz]], [[3shy]], [[3shz]], [[3sie]], [[3tge]] - hPDE 5a1 catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
-**[[1udt]], [[1udu]], [[1uho]], [[1tbf]], [[1xoz]], [[1xp0]], [[2h42]], [[3b2r]] - hPDE 5 catalytic domain + drug<br />
-**[[3jwq]] - hPDE 5/hPDE 6 catalytic domain + drug<br />
-**[[3jwr]] - hPDE 5/hPDE 6 catalytic domain + hPDE γ subunit peptide + inhibitor<br />
-**[[1t9s]] - hPDE 5 catalytic domain + GMP<br />
-**[[2k31]] - mPDE 5a cGMP-binding domain – NMR<BR />
-**[[5w10]] - PDE + cAMP – ''Leptospira interrogans''<br />
-*PDE 6 or retinal rod rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3’,5’-cyclic PDE
-**[[3dba]] - PDE 6c cGMP-binding domain – chicken<BR />
-**[[5t4x]] - hPDE 6d δ subunit <br />
-**[[3t5g]] – hPDE 6d δ subunit + GTP-binding protein RHEB<BR />
-**[[3t5i]] - hPDE 6d δ subunit + GTP-binding protein RHEB peptide<br />
-**[[5tar]], [[5tb5]] - hPDE 6d δ subunit + GTP-binding protein KRAS<br />
-**[[5f2u]] - hPDE 6d δ subunit + INPP5E peptide<br />
-**[[5e8f]] - hPDE 6d δ subunit + PDE 6c peptide<br />
-**[[4jhp]] - hPDE 6d δ subunit + RPGR<br />
-**[[4jv6]], [[4jv8]], [[4jvb]], [[4jvf]], [[5ml2]], [[5ml3]], [[5ml4]], [[5ml6]], [[5ml8]], [[5nal]], [[5e80]] - hPDE 6d δ subunit + inhibitor<br />
-*PDE 7
-**[[1zkl]], [[3g3n]], [[2y2b]], [[4y2b]], [[4pm0]] – hPDE 7a catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
-*PDE 8
-**[[3ecm]] – hPDE 8a catalytic domain<BR />
-**[[3ecn]] – hPDE 8a catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
-*PDE 9
-**[[2hd1]], [[2yy2]], [[3jsi]], [[3jsw]], [[3k3e]], [[3k3h]], [[4e90]], [[4g2j]], [[4g2l]], [[4gh6]],[[4y8c]], [[4y87]], [[4y86]], [[6a3n]] - hPDE 6d δ subunit + RPGR<br />
-**[[3n3z]], [[3qi3]], [[3qi4]] - hPDE 9a catalytic domain (mutant) + inhibitor<br />
-**[[3dy8]], [[3dyl]], [[3dyn]], [[3dyq]], [[3dys]] - hPDE 9 catalytic domain + GMP<br />
-**[[4gyz]] - mPDE 9 catalytic domain + AMP<br />
-**[[4qge]] - PDE 9 catalytic domain + inhibitor - chimpanzee<br />
-*PDE 10 or cAMP and cAMP-inhibited cGMP 3’,5’-cyclic PDE
-**[[2oup]] - hPDE 10a catalytic domain<BR />
-**[[2zmf]] – hPDE 10a C terminal<BR />
-**[[2ous]], [[2ouv]] - hPDE 10a2 catalytic domain (mutant) <BR />
-**[[2qyk]], [[3lxg]], [[2y0j]], [[3qpn]], [[3qpo]], [[3qpp]], [[3sn7]], [[3sni]], [[3snl]], [[3wi2]], [[4ael]], [[4ajd]], [[4ajf]], [[4ajg]], [[4ajm]], [[4ddl]], [[4fcb]], [[4fcd]], [[4heu]], [[4hf4]], [[4lkq]], [[4llj]], [[4llk]], [[4llp]], [[4llx]], [[4lm0]], [[4lm1]], [[4lm2]], [[4lm3]], [[4lm4]], [[4muw]], [[4mvh]], [[4yqh]], [[4ys7]], [[3ws8]], [[3ws9]], [[3wyk]], [[3wyl]], [[3wym]], [[4mrw]], [[4mrz]], [[4ms0]], [[4msa]], [[4msc]], [[4mse]], [[4msh]], [[4msn]], [[5uwf]], [[5k9r]], [[5i2r]], [[5edi]], [[5edh]], [[5edg]], [[5ede]], [[5dh5]], [[5dh4]], [[5c2h]], [[5c2e]], [[5c2a]], [[5c29]], [[5c28]], [[5c1w]], [[5b4k]], [[5b4l]], [[5axq]], [[5axp]], [[4zo5]], [[4xy2]], [[4wn1]], [[4tpp]], [[4tpm]], [[4phw]], [[4p1r]], [[4p0n]], [[5xuj]], [[5xui]],  [[6msc]], [[6msa]], [[6ke0]], [[6kdz]], [[6kdx]], [[6iji]], [[6ijh]], [[5znl]] - hPDE 10a catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
-**[[2wey]], [[3hqw]], [[3hqy]], [[3hqz]], [[3hr1]], [[3ui7]], [[3uuo]], [[4bbx]], [[4dff]] - hPDE 10a catalytic domain + schizophrenia drug<br />
-**[[2oun]] - hPDE 10a2 catalytic domain + AMP<BR />
-**[[2our]], [[2ouy]] - hPDE 10a2 catalytic domain (mutant) + AMP<BR />
-**[[2ouq]] - hPDE 10a2 catalytic domain + GMP<BR />
-**[[2ouu]] - hPDE 10a2 catalytic domain (mutant) + GMP<br />
-**[[2o8h]] – rPDE 10a catalytic domain<BR />
-**[[6k9u]], [[2ovv]], [[2ovy]] - rPDE 10a catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
-*PDE 12
-**[[4zkf]], [[4z0v]] - hPDE  <br />
-**[[4z2b]] - hPDE + inhibitor <br />
-*PDE b1
-**[[4i15]] – TbPDEb1 catalytic domain – ''Trypanosoma brucei''<br />
-**[[5l9h]], [[5l8y]], [[5l8c]], [[5g5v]], [[5g57]], [[5g2b]], [[4phl]], [[6rgk]], [[6rfw]], [[6rfn]], [[6rb6]], [[6gxq]], [[6fv9]], [[6ftm]], [[6frd]], [[6fe3]], [[6fdx]], [[6fdw]], [[6fds]] – TbPDEb1 catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
-*PDE b2
-**[[5h2r]], [[5h2q]] – TbPDEb2 catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
-*U6 snRNA PDE
-**[[5v1m]] - hPDE + UMP <br />
-**[[6d31]] - hPDE + AMP <br />
-**[[6d30]], [[6d2z]] - hPDE (mutant) + RNA <br />
-**[[5uqj]] - yPDE  <br />
-*Diguanylate PDE
-**[[5mkg]], [[5mf5]] - PaPDE + c-di-GMP <br />
-**[[5mfu]] - PaPDE + GMP + Mn <br />
-**[[5m1t]] - PaPDE + c-di-GMP + Mg<br />
-*Sphingomyelin PDE see [[Sphingomyelinase]]
-*1-phosphatidylinositol PDE see [[Phospholipase C]]
-*C-di-GMP PDE See [[C-di-GMP specific phosphodiesterases]]
-*Cyclic nucleotide PDE
-**[[1fsi]], [[1jh6]] – AtPDE – ''Arabidopsis thaliana''<BR />
-**[[1jh7]] – AtPDE + inhibitor<br />
-**[[1woj]] – hPDE residues 166-379<BR />
-**[[3jyf]] – KpPDE residues 16-354 <br />
-**[[3v93]] – TcPDE catalytic domain – ''Trypanosoma cruzi''<br />
-**[[2ilx]] - rPDE  catalytic domain<BR />
-**[[2xmi]], [[2y1p]], [[2y3x]], [[5ae0]] - mPDE  catalytic domain <br />
-**[[4wex]], [[4wdh]], [[4wde]], [[4wdd]], [[4wcc]], [[4wcb]], [[4wca]], [[4wc9]], [[4wbl]], [[4wbi]] -  mPDE  catalytic domain (mutant) <br />
-**[[1mc0]] – mPDE regulatory subunit <br />
-**[[2ydb]] -  mPDE  catalytic domain + cyclic NADP<br />
-**[[3zbr]], [[3zbs]], [[3zbz]] -  mPDE  catalytic domain (mutant) + NADP<br />
-**[[2ydc]] -  mPDE  catalytic domain + GTP<br />
-**[[2ydd]] -  mPDE  catalytic domain + cyclic AMP<br />
-**[[2ypc]], [[2ype]], [[2yph]] -  mPDE  catalytic domain (mutant) + cyclic AMP<br />
-**[[2yoz]], [[2yp0]], [[4wfr]] -  mPDE  catalytic domain + 2’-AMP<br />
-**[[2yq9]], [[4wdb]], [[4wda]] -  mPDE  catalytic domain (mutant) + 2’-AMP<br />
-**[[4wdg]], [[4wdf]] -  mPDE  catalytic domain (mutant) + 2’-ADP<br />
-**[[3v94]] -  TcPDE  catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
-*Tyrosyl-DNA PDE
-**[[1jy1]], [[1qzq]] – hPDE1 catalytic domain<BR />
-**[[1mu7]] - hPDE1 catalytic domain (mutant) + WO4<BR />
-**[[1mu9]] - hPDE1 catalytic domain (mutant) + VO4<BR />
-**[[1nop]], [[1rff]], [[1rfi]], [[1rg1]], [[1rg2]], [[1rgt]] - hPDE1 catalytic domain (mutant) + DNA + topoisomerase peptide + VO4<BR />
-**[[1rgu]], [[1rh0]] - hPDE1 catalytic domain (mutant) + polynucleotide + neurohormone<br />
-**[[6n19]], [[6n17]], [[6n0r]], [[6n0o]], [[6n0n]], [[6n0d]], [[6mz0]], [[6myz]], [[6mj5]], [[6djj]], [[6dji]], [[6djh]], [[6djg]], [[6djf]], [[6dje]], [[6djd]], [[6dim]], [[6dih]], [[6die]], [[6dhu]] - hPDE catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
-**[[5j3s]], [[5j3p]] - hPDE catalytic domain (mutant) + inhibitor<br />
-**[[5nwa]], [[5nw9]] – hPDE1 residues 1-148 + DNA <br />
-**[[5j3s]], [[5j3p]] - hPDE1 catalytic domain (mutant) + inhibitor<br />
-**[[5inm]] - mPDE catalytic domain <br />
-**[[5inn]] - mPDE catalytic domain (mutant) <br />
-**[[4gz0]], [[4gz1]], [[4gz2]], [[4puq]], [[5inq]], [[5inp]], [[5ino]], [[5inl]], [[5ink]], [[5ht2]] – mPDE catalytic domain + DNA<br />
-**[[5tvq]] – mPDE catalytic domain + SUMO-2<br />
-**[[5tvp]] – mPDE catalytic domain + SUMO-2 + DNA<br />
-**[[5j42]], [[5j3z]] - mPDE catalytic domain (mutant) + inhibitor<br />
-**[[4f1h]], [[4fpv]] – zPDE + DNA – zebra fish<br />
-**[[6ca4]] - zPDE catalytic domain (mutant) + inhibitor <br />
-**[[1q32]] – yPDE <BR />
-**[[3sq3]], [[3sq5]], [[3sq7]], [[3sq8]] – yPDE (mutant) <BR />
-**[[4f1i]], [[4fva]], [[4gew]] – PDE – ''Caenorhabditis elegans''<br />
-*Glycerophosphodiester PDE
-**[[1o1z]] – TmPDE – ''Thermotoga maritima''<BR />
-**[[1t8q]], [[1ydy]] – EcPDE <BR />
-**[[1v8e]] – TtPDE – ''Thermus thermophilus''<BR />
-**[[1vd6]] – TtPDE + glycerol<BR />
-**[[1zcc]] – PDE – ''Agrobacterium tumefaciens''<BR />
-**[[2o55]] – PDE – ''Galdieria sulphuraria''<BR />
-**[[2oog]], [[2p76]] – SaPDE – ''Staphylococcus aureus''<BR />
-**[[2otd]] – PDE – ''Shigella flexneri''<BR />
-**[[3ch0]] – PDE – ''Cytophaga hutchisonii''<BR />
-**[[2pz0]] – PDE – ''Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis''<BR />
-**[[2zo9]], [[2zoa]] – PDE + malonate – ''Enterobacter aerogenes''<BR />
-**[[3mz2]], [[3no3]] – PDE – ''Parabacterioides distasonia''<BR />
-**[[4oec]] – PDE – ''Thermococcus kodakarensis''<br />
-**[[5t9c]], [[5t9b]] – BsPDE + P3G <br />
-**[[5t91]] – BsPDE + bicine<br />
-*PDE
-**[[2ahd]] – PDE – ''Methanocaldococcus jannaschii''<BR />
-**[[3qvq]] – PDE + P3G– ''Oleispira antarctica''<br />
-**[[4b2o]] – BsPDE <br />
-**[[4g75]], [[4g76]] – PaPDE <br />
-**[[5gz4]] – TcPDE – Taiwan cobra<br />
-**[[5gz5]] – TcPDE + AMP <br />
-**[[5xsi]] – SaPDE catalytic domain <br />
-**[[5xt3]] – SaPDE catalytic domain + C-di-GMP<br />
-**[[5xsn]] – SaPDE catalytic domain + C-di-AMP<br />
-**[[5xsp]] – SaPDE catalytic domain + AMP<br />
-**[[5vyd]] – PDE – ''Salpingoeca rosetta''<br />
-**[[5o7f]] – TmPDE (mutant) + GMP<br />
-**[[5o1u]] – TmPDE + AMP<br />
-**[[5o70]], [[5o4z]] – TmPDE (mutant) + AMP<br />
-**[[5o58]] – TmPDE (mutant) + RNA<br />
-}}
 == References ==
 <references/>
 [[Category:Topic Page]]