Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

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==A novel coronavirus was found to be the cause of a respiratory illness first detected in Wuhan, China in 2019.==
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<StructureSection load='' size='300' side='right' caption='Morph showing the transition of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein from its closed to open conformation induced by proteolytic cleavage, details at [[SARS-CoV-2_spike_protein_priming_by_furin ]]' scene='85/857141/Morph_alpha_carbons_only/4'>
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<StructureSection load='6vsb' size='300' side='right' scene='83/839266/Covid-19_spike/8' caption='A close up view of one of the COVID-19 spikes. PDB entry [[6vsb]], from the McLellan lab.'>
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[[Image:Ezgif.com-Small crop.gif|left|260px|thumb|<span style="font-size:125%">Overall view of the COVID-19 virus. Note the spikes, <span style="color:aqua">'''aqua'''</span>, that adorn the outer surface, <span style="color:red">'''red'''</span>, which imparts a '''''corona''''' like appearance (Fusion Animation).</span>]]
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<span style="font-size:110%">
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<br>'''LEFT''': Overall view of the virus, showing the spikes in <span style="color:aqua">'''aqua'''</span>.
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<br>'''RIGHT''': Close up view of the spikes, from the McLellan Lab<ref name="McLellan">PMID:32075877</ref>.
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<br>An animation shows how the virus [http://youtu.be/hwVl_-lnoys '''interacts with its host'''], via these spikes, thus permitting its genome to enter the human (host) cell and begin infection (by [http://elarasystems.com Elara Systems)].</span>
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== Potential treatments and ways to minimize exposure to COVID-19 ==
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* A USA, French UK study '''identified 69 drugs to test against the coronavirus'''<ref> Gordon, et al. A SARS-CoV-2-Human Protein-Protein Interaction Map Reveals Drug Targets and Potential Drug-Repurposing: bioRxiv (online) 2020 [http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.22.002386 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.22.002386]</ref>. As reported in the [http://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/22/science/coronavirus-drugs-chloroquine.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage New York Times] (23-Mar-2020) "The researchers sought drugs that also latch onto the human proteins that the coronavirus seems to need to enter and replicate in human cells."
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* [http://youtu.be/s2EVlqql_f8 Fighting Coronavirus with Soap] from PDB-101.
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* A French study<ref> Gautret, et al. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open- label non-randomized clinical trial: Intl J Antimcrob Agents (in press) 2020 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949]</ref> showed, despite its small sample size (20 patients treated), that '''hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients''' and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.
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[[Image:Ezgif.com-video-to-gif 240px 65pc speed.gif|left|240px|thumb|<span style="font-size:100%">SARS-CoV-2 virus. The <span style="color:blue">spikes</span>, that adorn the <span style="color:red">'''virus surface'''</span>, impart a '''''corona''''' like appearance [http://www.drugtargetreview.com/news/57287/3d-visualisation-of-covid-19-surface-released-for-researchers (Fusion Animation)].</span>]]
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<span style="font-size:100%">
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A novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, detected in Wuhan, China in 2019, was found to cause severe respiratory illness named '''''COVID-19'''''<ref>[http://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it]</ref> ('''CO'''rona '''VI'''rus '''D'''isease-20'''19''').
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== Movies helping to explain COVID-19 ==
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There’s a new [http://go.usa.gov/xw9MV NCBI site] on COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2. It will help bench scientists, bioinformaticians, clinicians & others connect with information they need to study SARS-CoV-2 and end the pandemic.
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* Coronavirus animation: [http://youtu.be/78jLBNSqc3g?list=TLPQMjQwMzIwMjDb3gALL4nYJQ How COVID-19 Impacts your Body] and ways to avoid infection (Mar 20 2020), by [http://highimpact.com High Impact].
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<html5media height="181" width="322">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78jLBNSqc3g</html5media>
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* Background of the Coronavirus-COVID-19 and [http://youtu.be/I0TmBsHaGmI?list=TLPQMjQwMzIwMjDb3gALL4nYJQ details of its 3D structure], by [http://www.biolution.net biolution GmBH].
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A video (by [http://elarasystems.com Elara)] shows how the virus [http://youtu.be/hwVl_-lnoys '''interacts with its human (host) cells'''], via its ''spike'' proteins<ref name="Pillay">PMID:32376714</ref><ref name="McLellan">PMID:32075877</ref><ref name="Veesler">PMID:32155444</ref><ref name="wrobel">PMID: 32647346</ref><ref name="thomas">PMID:12360192</ref><ref name="wang-qi">PMID:32275855</ref>, thus permitting the viral genome to enter its host & begin infection. The spike protein is induced for optimal binding when it is clipped by a protease (see animation on right side) and more details at '''[[SARS-CoV-2_protein_S_activation_by_furin]]'''. Subsequently, it undergoes a dramatic transformation to induce membrane fusion and infection, explained with a morph animation at '''[[SARS-CoV-2 spike protein fusion transformation]]'''.
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* A [http://player.vimeo.com/video/395937110?html5=1&#038;title=1&#038;byline=0&#038;portrait=0&#038;autoplay=0 movie of the 3D model] of the surface of COVID-19, by [http://www.drugtargetreview.com/news/57287/3d-visualisation-of-covid-19-surface-released-for-researchers Fusion Animation].
 
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* [http://youtu.be/I-Yd-_XIWJg Outbreak of COVID-19 explained through 3D Medical Animation] (Feb 11, 2020), by [http://www.scientificanimations.com Scientifc Animations].
 
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* Bill Gates Ted Talk (April 3, 2015) on [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Af6b_wyiwI We're Not Ready for the Next Epidemic].
 
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<html5media height="181" width="322">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Af6b_wyiwI</html5media>
 
== Useful sites on COVID-19 ==
== Useful sites on COVID-19 ==
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* [http://deepmind.com/research/open-source/computational-predictions-of-protein-structures-associated-with-COVID-19 Computational predictions of 3D protein structures associated with COVID-19] based on the [http://deepmind.com/blog/article/AlphaFold-Using-AI-for-scientific-discovery AI AlphaFold system]. Coordinates of the 3D structures can be download [http://storage.googleapis.com/deepmind-com-v3-datasets/alphafold-covid19/structures_4_3_2020.zip here as a '''zip''' file].
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* A plot of the Biweekly change in confirmed COVID-19 cases throughout the world
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<imagemap>
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Image:Biweekly change in confirmed COVID-19 cases.jpg|500px
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default [https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/biweekly-growth-covid-cases Our World site with the most recent data]
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Clicking the above image goes to the [https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/biweekly-growth-covid-cases Our World in Data] site with the most recent data.
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* Up to date statistics on [http://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/coronavirus-cases/ Coronavirus cases world-wide at worldometer]
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* A summary of key findings about [http://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/lab/index.html COVID-19] can be found at [http://www.cdc.gov/ the '''CDC'''].
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* A summary of key findings about [http://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/lab/index.html COVID-19] can be found at [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC].
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* A series of fascinating '''[[COVID-19 Videos]]'''.
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* A computer game, [http://youtu.be/gGvlNo3nMfw Folding@home], developed at the [http://www.ipd.uw.edu Inst for Protein Design] (U Washington), uses crowdsourcing to try to find new lead compound that might become drugs to treat COVID-19.
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* [http://crowdfightcovid19.org Crowdfight COVID-19] - A scientific crowdsourcing initiative to put all available resources at the service of the fight against COVID-19
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* '''[[Potential treatments for COVID-19]]'''.
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== Recent published papers ==
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* '''[[SARS-CoV-2 virus proteins]]''' - Status of all 3D models of SARS-CoV-2 Virus protein structures.
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* Crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 main protease provides a basis for design of improved α-ketoamide inhibitors, from the Hilgenfeld lab<ref>PMID:32198291</ref>, Apo Struture: PDB-ID [http://www.rcsb.org/structure/6y2e 6Y2E], and complexes with inhibitors: PDB-ID [http://www.rcsb.org/structure/6y2f 6Y2F] and [http://www.rcsb.org/structure/6y2g 6Y2G].
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* 3D Structure of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from COVID-19, a '''major antiviral drug target''' from the Rao lab in Beijing<ref> Gao, et al. Structure of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from 2019-nCoV, a major antiviral drug target: bioRxiv (online) 2020 [https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.16.993386 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.16.993386]</ref>.
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* '''[[COVID-19 AlphaFold2 Models]]''' that have been of structures of SARS CoV-2 proteins whose structure have not yet been experimentally determined.
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* Crystal structure of the Mpro from COVID-19 and '''discovery of inhibitors''' in a study by scientists from Shanghai & Beijing <ref> Jin, et al. Structure of Mpro from COVID-19 virus and discovery of its inhibitors: bioRxiv (online) 2020 [http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.26.964882 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.26.964882]</ref>, PDB-ID [[2h2z]].
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* '''[[3D structural studies on SARS-CoV-2]]''' - Pointers to research on 3D structural studies on SARS-CoV-2 Virus proteins.
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* Crystal structure of Nsp15 endoribonuclease NendoU from SARS-CoV-2 in a study by scientists from USA<ref> Kim, et al. Crystal structure of Nsp15 endoribonuclease NendoU from SARS-CoV-2: bioRxiv (online) 2020 [http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.02.968388 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.02.968388]</ref>, PDB-ID [[6w01]].
 
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* '''Coronavirus Evolved Naturally''', and ‘Is '''Not''' a Laboratory Construct,’ in a study in Nature Med by Anderson and colleagues <ref>Andersen, et al. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2: Nature Med (in press) 2020 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9]]</ref>.
 
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* A study by Zhou & colleagues in ''Science'' on the structural basis for the recognition of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) by full-length human ACE2 '''gives insights to the molecular basis for coronavirus recognition and infection'''<ref>PMID:32132184</ref>.
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== References ==
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</StructureSection>
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* '''The CoV spike (S) glycoprotein is a key target for vaccines, therapeutic antibodies, and diagnostics'''. A study by McLellan and colleagues in "Science" on the Cryo-EM structure of the COVID-19 spike protein. This structure should greatly aid in the rapid development and evaluation of medical countermeasures to address the ongoing public health crisis<ref name="McLellan" />, PDB-ID [[6vsb]].
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[[Category: Coronavirus]]
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[[Category: Covid-19]]
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* '''Scientists are endeavoring to find antivirals specific to the virus'''. Several drugs such as chloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, and favipiravir are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety in the treatment of COVID-19 in China, with some promising results summarized.<ref>PMID:32147628</ref>.
 
== References ==
== References ==
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</StructureSection>
 

Current revision

Morph showing the transition of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein from its closed to open conformation induced by proteolytic cleavage, details at SARS-CoV-2_spike_protein_priming_by_furin

Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate

References

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