User:Allie Pointer/Pointer Sandbox 1
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| + | <StructureSection load='1F45' size='340' side='right' caption='Caption for this structure' scene=''> | ||
== Background == | == Background == | ||
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Interleukin-12 is produced by macrophages, neutrophils, and some B cells. IL-12 helps make cytotoxic cells and natural killer cells. T cells turn into cytotoxic t cells when IL-12 is released. <ref name="charged" /> | Interleukin-12 is produced by macrophages, neutrophils, and some B cells. IL-12 helps make cytotoxic cells and natural killer cells. T cells turn into cytotoxic t cells when IL-12 is released. <ref name="charged" /> | ||
| - | Innate immunity is when the body has defense mechanisms that starts working within hours of a pathogen being introduced into the body. Innate is the first line of defense against pathogens so there is no specific pathogen, they attack anything. Adaptive immunity is acquired or specific. Each attack is specific to the pathogen. It is supposed to attack pathogens that are invading. If | + | Innate immunity is when the body has defense mechanisms that starts working within hours of a pathogen being introduced into the body. Innate is the first line of defense against pathogens so there is no specific pathogen, they attack anything. Adaptive immunity is acquired or specific. Each attack is specific to the pathogen. It is supposed to attack pathogens that are invading. If the immune system attacks the host organism an autoimmune disorder develops. Adaptive immunity is done by b or t lymphoctyes. T helper cells secrete different cytokines like IL-12 which lets IL-12 activate innate natural killer cells and adaptive cytotoxic t cells.<ref name="immunotherapy">PMID:24514955</ref> IL-12 helps mature cytotoxic t cells so they can attack specific pathogens. <ref name="immunotherapy" /> It also helps stimulate the production of natural killer cells so they can start innate immunity. IL-12 is produced by dendritic cells, and monocytes. |
To increase the production of IL-12 it can be done through priming or amplification. <ref name="immunotherapy" /> In priming when it binds to a ligand and goes through the toll like receptors it allows more IL-12 to pass through faster. Amplification happens through a cytokine network where different cytokines are secreted through different cells. | To increase the production of IL-12 it can be done through priming or amplification. <ref name="immunotherapy" /> In priming when it binds to a ligand and goes through the toll like receptors it allows more IL-12 to pass through faster. Amplification happens through a cytokine network where different cytokines are secreted through different cells. | ||
| - | IL-12 has many actions. One action is stimulating the growth and cytotoxicity of natural killer cells. They also convert th0 cells into th1 cells by activating specific transcription factors. <ref name="immunotherapy" /> IL-12 also stimulated the production of '''interferon gamma (1hig)''' which is another type of cytokine used in innate and adaptive immunity. <ref name="immunotherapy" /> Interferon gamma is secreted by t cells and natural killer cells also it promotes macrophage activation meaning it helps more macrophages to be activated so it can eat bacteria, viruses, and fungi. <ref name="interferon">PMID:10688427</ref> IL-12 also helped to introduce IgG and suppress IgE from B cells. IgG is | + | IL-12 has many actions. One action is stimulating the growth and cytotoxicity of natural killer cells. They also convert th0 cells into th1 cells by activating specific transcription factors. <ref name="immunotherapy" /> IL-12 also stimulated the production of '''interferon gamma (1hig)''' which is another type of cytokine used in innate and adaptive immunity. <ref name="immunotherapy" /> Interferon gamma is secreted by t cells and natural killer cells also it promotes macrophage activation meaning it helps more macrophages to be activated so it can eat bacteria, viruses, and fungi. <ref name="interferon">PMID:10688427</ref> IL-12 also helped to introduce IgG and suppress IgE from B cells. IgG is the most common antibody released from plasma B cells and has two antigen binding sites. IgE is an antibody that is produced when your immune system reacts to an allergen. All those actions that IL-12 performs helps it with its antitumor effects. In animal studies IL-12 has been useful in tumor therapy. <ref name="immunotherapy" /> Its effectiveness is also increased when used with other therapeutic models. |
| - | IL-12 is proinflammatory meaning it promotes inflammation which contributes in developing th1 cells from th0 cells. <ref name="family">PMID:22814351</ref> It also participates in a positive feed back loop. IL-12 | + | IL-12 is proinflammatory meaning it promotes inflammation which contributes in developing th1 cells from th0 cells. <ref name="family">PMID:22814351</ref> It also participates in a positive feed back loop. IL-12 causes interferon gamma production from t cells. That facilitated th1 differentiation. IL-12 also induced production of interferon gamma by natural killer cells. <ref name="family" /> Interferon gamma can be a part of the positive feed back loop because transcription factors are activated. In a study done on mice, if specific transcription factors are not expressed, there can be a defect in one or both subunits of IL-12. <ref name="cytokines">PMID:19275692 </ref> |
== Diseases == | == Diseases == | ||
| - | If there is a deficiency in IL-12 then cell mediated immunity becomes impaired. <ref name="cytokines" /> That makes | + | If there is a deficiency in IL-12 then cell mediated immunity becomes impaired. <ref name="cytokines" /> That makes organisms more susceptible to diseases. If interleukin-12 is over expressed it could lead to persistent inflammation which is harmful for some autoimmune disorders like multiple sclerosis. <ref name="cytokines" /> It is harmful because it makes the immune system attack more. IL-12 can be protective or detrimental depending on the infection it is aiding in attacking. It can work with other cytokines to inhibit the infectivity of HIV in macrophages. <ref name="cytokines" /> With all the various functions IL-12 partakes in it could be helpful in immunotherapy for some infections. |
== IL-12 Family == | == IL-12 Family == | ||
IL-12 is apart of the interleukin-12 family. The family consist of IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, and IL-35. <ref name="family" />They are all heterodimeric cytokines. They are structurally similar but all have very different biological activities. IL-23 also has two disulfide linked subunits. One subunit both IL-23 and IL-12 share is p40. <ref name="cytokines" /> IL-23's other subunit acts very similary to p35 in IL-12. That subunit is p19 and is doesn’t secrete much when not in the presence of p40. <ref name="cytokines" /> | IL-12 is apart of the interleukin-12 family. The family consist of IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, and IL-35. <ref name="family" />They are all heterodimeric cytokines. They are structurally similar but all have very different biological activities. IL-23 also has two disulfide linked subunits. One subunit both IL-23 and IL-12 share is p40. <ref name="cytokines" /> IL-23's other subunit acts very similary to p35 in IL-12. That subunit is p19 and is doesn’t secrete much when not in the presence of p40. <ref name="cytokines" /> | ||
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| + | == Structural highlights == | ||
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| + | This is a sample scene created with SAT to <scene name="/12/3456/Sample/1">color</scene> by Group, and another to make <scene name="/12/3456/Sample/2">a transparent representation</scene> of the protein. You can make your own scenes on SAT starting from scratch or loading and editing one of these sample scenes. | ||
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| + | </StructureSection> | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
Current revision
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Yoon C, Johnston SC, Tang J, Stahl M, Tobin JF, Somers WS. Charged residues dominate a unique interlocking topography in the heterodimeric cytokine interleukin-12. EMBO J. 2000 Jul 17;19(14):3530-41. PMID:10899108 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emboj/19.14.3530
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Lasek W, Zagozdzon R, Jakobisiak M. Interleukin 12: still a promising candidate for tumor immunotherapy? Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2014 May;63(5):419-35. doi: 10.1007/s00262-014-1523-1., Epub 2014 Feb 11. PMID:24514955 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00262-014-1523-1
- ↑ Tau G, Rothman P. Biologic functions of the IFN-gamma receptors. Allergy. 1999 Dec;54(12):1233-51. doi: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00099.x. PMID:10688427 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00099.x
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Vignali DA, Kuchroo VK. IL-12 family cytokines: immunological playmakers. Nat Immunol. 2012 Jul 19;13(8):722-8. doi: 10.1038/ni.2366. PMID:22814351 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ni.2366
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Gee K, Guzzo C, Che Mat NF, Ma W, Kumar A. The IL-12 family of cytokines in infection, inflammation and autoimmune disorders. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets. 2009 Mar;8(1):40-52. doi:, 10.2174/187152809787582507. PMID:19275692 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/187152809787582507
