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| | <StructureSection load='3d2r' size='340' side='right'caption='[[3d2r]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 2.03Å' scene=''> | | <StructureSection load='3d2r' size='340' side='right'caption='[[3d2r]], [[Resolution|resolution]] 2.03Å' scene=''> |
| | == Structural highlights == | | == Structural highlights == |
| - | <table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[3d2r]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human Human]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=3D2R OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=3D2R FirstGlance]. <br> | + | <table><tr><td colspan='2'>[[3d2r]] is a 2 chain structure with sequence from [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens Homo sapiens]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=3D2R OCA]. For a <b>guided tour on the structure components</b> use [https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=3D2R FirstGlance]. <br> |
| - | </td></tr><tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=ADP:ADENOSINE-5-DIPHOSPHATE'>ADP</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=GOL:GLYCEROL'>GOL</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=MG:MAGNESIUM+ION'>MG</scene></td></tr> | + | </td></tr><tr id='method'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Empirical_models|Method:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="methodDat">X-ray diffraction, [[Resolution|Resolution]] 2.03Å</td></tr> |
| - | <tr id='related'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Related_structure|Related:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><div style='overflow: auto; max-height: 3em;'>[[2zkj|2zkj]]</div></td></tr>
| + | <tr id='ligand'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Ligand|Ligands:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat" id="ligandDat"><scene name='pdbligand=ADP:ADENOSINE-5-DIPHOSPHATE'>ADP</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=GOL:GLYCEROL'>GOL</scene>, <scene name='pdbligand=MG:MAGNESIUM+ION'>MG</scene></td></tr> |
| - | <tr id='gene'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>[[Gene|Gene:]]</b></td><td class="sblockDat">PDK4 ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&srchmode=5&id=9606 HUMAN])</td></tr> | + | |
| - | <tr id='activity'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Activity:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/[Pyruvate_dehydrogenase_(acetyl-transferring)]_kinase [Pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase], with EC number [https://www.brenda-enzymes.info/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=2.7.11.2 2.7.11.2] </span></td></tr> | + | |
| | <tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=3d2r FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=3d2r OCA], [https://pdbe.org/3d2r PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=3d2r RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/3d2r PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=3d2r ProSAT]</span></td></tr> | | <tr id='resources'><td class="sblockLbl"><b>Resources:</b></td><td class="sblockDat"><span class='plainlinks'>[https://proteopedia.org/fgij/fg.htm?mol=3d2r FirstGlance], [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocaids?id=3d2r OCA], [https://pdbe.org/3d2r PDBe], [https://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore.do?structureId=3d2r RCSB], [https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbsum/3d2r PDBsum], [https://prosat.h-its.org/prosat/prosatexe?pdbcode=3d2r ProSAT]</span></td></tr> |
| | </table> | | </table> |
| | == Function == | | == Function == |
| - | [[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/PDK4_HUMAN PDK4_HUMAN]] Serine/threonine kinase that plays a key role in regulation of glucose and fatty acid metabolism and homeostasis via phosphorylation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase subunits PDHA1 and PDHA2. This inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, and thereby regulates metabolite flux through the tricarboxylic acid cycle, down-regulates aerobic respiration and inhibits the formation of acetyl-coenzyme A from pyruvate. Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase decreases glucose utilization and increases fat metabolism in response to prolonged fasting and starvation. Plays an important role in maintaining normal blood glucose levels under starvation, and is involved in the insulin signaling cascade. Via its regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, plays an important role in maintaining normal blood pH and in preventing the accumulation of ketone bodies under starvation. In the fed state, mediates cellular responses to glucose levels and to a high-fat diet. Regulates both fatty acid oxidation and de novo fatty acid biosynthesis. Plays a role in the generation of reactive oxygen species. Protects detached epithelial cells against anoikis. Plays a role in cell proliferation via its role in regulating carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism.<ref>PMID:15955060</ref> <ref>PMID:21852536</ref> <ref>PMID:21816445</ref> <ref>PMID:18658136</ref>
| + | [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/PDK4_HUMAN PDK4_HUMAN] Serine/threonine kinase that plays a key role in regulation of glucose and fatty acid metabolism and homeostasis via phosphorylation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase subunits PDHA1 and PDHA2. This inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, and thereby regulates metabolite flux through the tricarboxylic acid cycle, down-regulates aerobic respiration and inhibits the formation of acetyl-coenzyme A from pyruvate. Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase decreases glucose utilization and increases fat metabolism in response to prolonged fasting and starvation. Plays an important role in maintaining normal blood glucose levels under starvation, and is involved in the insulin signaling cascade. Via its regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, plays an important role in maintaining normal blood pH and in preventing the accumulation of ketone bodies under starvation. In the fed state, mediates cellular responses to glucose levels and to a high-fat diet. Regulates both fatty acid oxidation and de novo fatty acid biosynthesis. Plays a role in the generation of reactive oxygen species. Protects detached epithelial cells against anoikis. Plays a role in cell proliferation via its role in regulating carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism.<ref>PMID:15955060</ref> <ref>PMID:21852536</ref> <ref>PMID:21816445</ref> <ref>PMID:18658136</ref> |
| | == Evolutionary Conservation == | | == Evolutionary Conservation == |
| | [[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif|200px|right]] | | [[Image:Consurf_key_small.gif|200px|right]] |
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| | __TOC__ | | __TOC__ |
| | </StructureSection> | | </StructureSection> |
| - | [[Category: Human]] | + | [[Category: Homo sapiens]] |
| | [[Category: Large Structures]] | | [[Category: Large Structures]] |
| - | [[Category: Chuang, D T]] | + | [[Category: Chuang DT]] |
| - | [[Category: Chuang, L C]] | + | [[Category: Chuang LC]] |
| - | [[Category: Kato, M]] | + | [[Category: Kato M]] |
| - | [[Category: Li, J]] | + | [[Category: Li J]] |
| - | [[Category: Tso, S C]] | + | [[Category: Tso S-C]] |
| - | [[Category: Wynn, R M]] | + | [[Category: Wynn RM]] |
| - | [[Category: Carbohydrate metabolism]]
| + | |
| - | [[Category: Ghkl superfamily]]
| + | |
| - | [[Category: Glucose metabolism]]
| + | |
| - | [[Category: Homodimer]]
| + | |
| - | [[Category: Kinase]]
| + | |
| - | [[Category: Mitochondrion]]
| + | |
| - | [[Category: Phosphoprotein]]
| + | |
| - | [[Category: Protein-nucleotide complex]]
| + | |
| - | [[Category: Transferase]]
| + | |
| - | [[Category: Transit peptide]]
| + | |
| Structural highlights
Function
PDK4_HUMAN Serine/threonine kinase that plays a key role in regulation of glucose and fatty acid metabolism and homeostasis via phosphorylation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase subunits PDHA1 and PDHA2. This inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, and thereby regulates metabolite flux through the tricarboxylic acid cycle, down-regulates aerobic respiration and inhibits the formation of acetyl-coenzyme A from pyruvate. Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase decreases glucose utilization and increases fat metabolism in response to prolonged fasting and starvation. Plays an important role in maintaining normal blood glucose levels under starvation, and is involved in the insulin signaling cascade. Via its regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, plays an important role in maintaining normal blood pH and in preventing the accumulation of ketone bodies under starvation. In the fed state, mediates cellular responses to glucose levels and to a high-fat diet. Regulates both fatty acid oxidation and de novo fatty acid biosynthesis. Plays a role in the generation of reactive oxygen species. Protects detached epithelial cells against anoikis. Plays a role in cell proliferation via its role in regulating carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism.[1] [2] [3] [4]
Evolutionary Conservation
Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf.
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is down-regulated by pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) isoforms 1-4. PDK4 is overexpressed in skeletal muscle in type 2 diabetes, resulting in impaired glucose utilization. Here we show that human PDK4 has robust core-free basal activity, which is considerably higher than activity levels of other PDK isoforms stimulated by the PDC core. PDK4 binds the L3 lipoyl domain, but its activity is not significantly stimulated by any individual lipoyl domains or the core of PDC. The 2.0-A crystal structures of the PDK4 dimer with bound ADP reveal an open conformation with a wider active-site cleft, compared with that in the closed conformation epitomized by the PDK2-ADP structure. The open conformation in PDK4 shows partially ordered C-terminal cross-tails, in which the conserved DW (Asp(394)-Trp(395)) motif from one subunit anchors to the N-terminal domain of the other subunit. The open conformation fosters a reduced binding affinity for ADP, facilitating the efficient removal of product inhibition by this nucleotide. Alteration or deletion of the DW-motif disrupts the C-terminal cross-tail anchor, resulting in the closed conformation and the nearly complete inactivation of PDK4. Fluorescence quenching and enzyme activity data suggest that compounds AZD7545 and dichloroacetate lock PDK4 in the open and the closed conformational states, respectively. We propose that PDK4 with bound ADP exists in equilibrium between the open and the closed conformations. The favored metastable open conformation is responsible for the robust basal activity of PDK4 in the absence of the PDC core.
Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 structures reveal a metastable open conformation fostering robust core-free basal activity.,Wynn RM, Kato M, Chuang JL, Tso SC, Li J, Chuang DT J Biol Chem. 2008 Sep 12;283(37):25305-15. Epub 2008 Jul 24. PMID:18658136[5]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
See Also
References
- ↑ Abbot EL, McCormack JG, Reynet C, Hassall DG, Buchan KW, Yeaman SJ. Diverging regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoform gene expression in cultured human muscle cells. FEBS J. 2005 Jun;272(12):3004-14. PMID:15955060 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04713.x
- ↑ Grassian AR, Metallo CM, Coloff JL, Stephanopoulos G, Brugge JS. Erk regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase flux through PDK4 modulates cell proliferation. Genes Dev. 2011 Aug 15;25(16):1716-33. doi: 10.1101/gad.16771811. PMID:21852536 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.16771811
- ↑ Kulkarni SS, Salehzadeh F, Fritz T, Zierath JR, Krook A, Osler ME. Mitochondrial regulators of fatty acid metabolism reflect metabolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2012 Feb;61(2):175-85. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.06.014. Epub 2011 , Aug 3. PMID:21816445 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2011.06.014
- ↑ Wynn RM, Kato M, Chuang JL, Tso SC, Li J, Chuang DT. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 structures reveal a metastable open conformation fostering robust core-free basal activity. J Biol Chem. 2008 Sep 12;283(37):25305-15. Epub 2008 Jul 24. PMID:18658136 doi:10.1074/jbc.M802249200
- ↑ Wynn RM, Kato M, Chuang JL, Tso SC, Li J, Chuang DT. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 structures reveal a metastable open conformation fostering robust core-free basal activity. J Biol Chem. 2008 Sep 12;283(37):25305-15. Epub 2008 Jul 24. PMID:18658136 doi:10.1074/jbc.M802249200
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