Syncytin

From Proteopedia

(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
Current revision (08:03, 22 January 2023) (edit) (undo)
 
(4 intermediate revisions not shown.)
Line 1: Line 1:
-
==Syncytin 1==
+
<StructureSection load='' size='340' side='right' caption='Human syncytin 1 fusion subunit (PDB code [[6ha6]])' scene='90/909935/Syncytin1_1/1'>
-
<StructureSection load='' size='340' side='right' caption='Syncytin 1 Structure' scene='90/909935/Syncytin1_1/1'>
+
__TOC__
__TOC__
- 
== Structure ==
== Structure ==
'''Syncytin''' is a human endogenous envelope protein and is found in the human placenta. There are two forms of syncytin; syncytin 1 and <scene name='90/909935/Syncytin2_1/1'>syncytin 2</scene>, and they are both critical for fetal implantation and placental development. Syncytin 1 contains 538 amino acids and is located on the human chromosome 7 while the specific HERV-W1 coding region is located at 7q21.2. Syncytin has two domains, the surface unit and the transmembrane unit. The surface unit of syncytin 1 is what binds to receptors on the host cell whereas the transmembrane unit supports the fusion of two cells <ref name= 'ncbifrontiers'>Wang, X., Huang, J., & Zhu, F. (2018, September 7). Human endogenous retroviral envelope protein syncytin-1 and inflammatory abnormalities in neuropsychological diseases. Frontiers in psychiatry. Retrieved April 18, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6137383/ </ref>. The structure of syncytin is composed of three identical monomers and the precursor that synthesizes the formation is glycosylated gPr73. Once the precursor is cleaved at the surface unit and the transmembrane unit, both units covalently bond via <scene name='90/909935/Syncytin1_3/1'>disulfide binding</scene>. The transmembrane unit is significant as it contains immunosuppressive domain known as the fusion peptide that plays a critical role in the tolerance a mother has to her fetus during pregnancy <ref name= 'fossils'>Durnaoglu, S., Lee, S.-K., & Ahnn, J. (2021). Syncytin, envelope protein of human endogenous retrovirus (Herv): No longer ‘fossil’ in human genome. Animal Cells and Systems, 25(6), 358–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/19768354.2021.2019109 </ref>. Thus, the mother’s immune system does not “attack” the fetus as if it is a foreign body.
'''Syncytin''' is a human endogenous envelope protein and is found in the human placenta. There are two forms of syncytin; syncytin 1 and <scene name='90/909935/Syncytin2_1/1'>syncytin 2</scene>, and they are both critical for fetal implantation and placental development. Syncytin 1 contains 538 amino acids and is located on the human chromosome 7 while the specific HERV-W1 coding region is located at 7q21.2. Syncytin has two domains, the surface unit and the transmembrane unit. The surface unit of syncytin 1 is what binds to receptors on the host cell whereas the transmembrane unit supports the fusion of two cells <ref name= 'ncbifrontiers'>Wang, X., Huang, J., & Zhu, F. (2018, September 7). Human endogenous retroviral envelope protein syncytin-1 and inflammatory abnormalities in neuropsychological diseases. Frontiers in psychiatry. Retrieved April 18, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6137383/ </ref>. The structure of syncytin is composed of three identical monomers and the precursor that synthesizes the formation is glycosylated gPr73. Once the precursor is cleaved at the surface unit and the transmembrane unit, both units covalently bond via <scene name='90/909935/Syncytin1_3/1'>disulfide binding</scene>. The transmembrane unit is significant as it contains immunosuppressive domain known as the fusion peptide that plays a critical role in the tolerance a mother has to her fetus during pregnancy <ref name= 'fossils'>Durnaoglu, S., Lee, S.-K., & Ahnn, J. (2021). Syncytin, envelope protein of human endogenous retrovirus (Herv): No longer ‘fossil’ in human genome. Animal Cells and Systems, 25(6), 358–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/19768354.2021.2019109 </ref>. Thus, the mother’s immune system does not “attack” the fetus as if it is a foreign body.
Line 28: Line 26:
Syncytin-1 has been correlated to several different kinds of cancers including breast cancer, carcinomas, and endometrial cancers. As mentioned above, the env gene of syncytin-1 can become activated and promote the production of cancerous cells <ref name='fossils'/>. Overexpression in syncytin-1 contributes to increased proliferation, metastasis, and the growth of tumors in individuals due to the methylation of DNA and the 5’LTR of the syncytin gene. The overmethylation contributes to the silencing of the tumor-suppressing gene <ref name= 'cancer'>Locke, W. J., Guanzon, D., Ma, C., Liew, Y. J., Duesing, K. R., Fung, K. Y. C., &amp; Ross, J. P. (2019, November 14). DNA methylation cancer biomarkers: Translation to the clinic. Frontiers. Retrieved April 27, 2022, from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2019.01150/full#:~:text=Hypermethylation%20can%20drive%20the%20silencing,et%20al.%2C%202015). </ref>. As a result, if both tumor suppressor genes in a cell contain a mutation, then the suppressor gene is deactivated. With the tumor suppressor gene losing function, cells may grow and divide unregulated, resulting in cancer.
Syncytin-1 has been correlated to several different kinds of cancers including breast cancer, carcinomas, and endometrial cancers. As mentioned above, the env gene of syncytin-1 can become activated and promote the production of cancerous cells <ref name='fossils'/>. Overexpression in syncytin-1 contributes to increased proliferation, metastasis, and the growth of tumors in individuals due to the methylation of DNA and the 5’LTR of the syncytin gene. The overmethylation contributes to the silencing of the tumor-suppressing gene <ref name= 'cancer'>Locke, W. J., Guanzon, D., Ma, C., Liew, Y. J., Duesing, K. R., Fung, K. Y. C., &amp; Ross, J. P. (2019, November 14). DNA methylation cancer biomarkers: Translation to the clinic. Frontiers. Retrieved April 27, 2022, from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2019.01150/full#:~:text=Hypermethylation%20can%20drive%20the%20silencing,et%20al.%2C%202015). </ref>. As a result, if both tumor suppressor genes in a cell contain a mutation, then the suppressor gene is deactivated. With the tumor suppressor gene losing function, cells may grow and divide unregulated, resulting in cancer.
-
== syncytial 3D structures==
+
== Syncytiin 3D structures==
 +
 
 +
[[5ha6]], [[6rx1]] – hSct1 fusion subunit 343-435 – human<br />
 +
[[1y4m]], [[6rx3]] – hSct2 fusion subunit 375-468 <br />
 +
[[7oix]] – hSct2 + MFSD2A – Cryo EM<br />
 +
 
</StructureSection>
</StructureSection>
== References ==
== References ==
<references/>
<references/>
[[Category:Topic Page]]
[[Category:Topic Page]]

Current revision

Human syncytin 1 fusion subunit (PDB code 6ha6)

Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Wang, X., Huang, J., & Zhu, F. (2018, September 7). Human endogenous retroviral envelope protein syncytin-1 and inflammatory abnormalities in neuropsychological diseases. Frontiers in psychiatry. Retrieved April 18, 2022, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6137383/
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Durnaoglu, S., Lee, S.-K., & Ahnn, J. (2021). Syncytin, envelope protein of human endogenous retrovirus (Herv): No longer ‘fossil’ in human genome. Animal Cells and Systems, 25(6), 358–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/19768354.2021.2019109
  3. Ruigrok, K., Vaney, M.-C., Buchrieser, J., Baquero, E., Hellert, J., Baron, B., England, P., Schwartz, O., Rey, F. A., & Backovic, M. (2019, November 8). X-ray structures of the post-fusion 6-helix bundle of the human Syncytins and their functional implications. Journal of Molecular Biology. Retrieved April 18, 2022, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022283619306163
  4. Cáceres, M., & Thomas, J. W. (2006). The gene of retroviral origin syncytin 1 is specific to hominoids and is inactive in Old World Monkeys. Journal of Heredity, 97(2), 100–106. https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esj011
  5. Locke, W. J., Guanzon, D., Ma, C., Liew, Y. J., Duesing, K. R., Fung, K. Y. C., & Ross, J. P. (2019, November 14). DNA methylation cancer biomarkers: Translation to the clinic. Frontiers. Retrieved April 27, 2022, from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2019.01150/full#:~:text=Hypermethylation%20can%20drive%20the%20silencing,et%20al.%2C%202015).

Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)

Silina Lokmic, Michal Harel, Jaime Prilusky

Personal tools