9q9e

Structural highlights

Disease

ETV6_HUMAN Note=A chromosomal aberration involving ETV6 is found in a form of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). Translocation t(5;12)(q33;p13) with PDGFRB. It is characterized by abnormal clonal myeloid proliferation and by progression to acute myelogenous leukemia (AML).^[1] Note=Chromosomal aberrations involving ETV6 are found in a form of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Translocation t(12;22)(p13;q11) with MN1; translocation t(4;12)(q12;p13) with CHIC2.^{[2] [3] [4]} Note=Chromosomal aberrations involving ETV6 are found in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Translocations t(12;21)(p12;q22) and t(12;21)(p13;q22) with RUNX1/AML1. Note=A chromosomal aberration involving ETV6 is found in a form of pre-B acute myeloid leukemia. Translocation t(9;12)(p24;p13) with JAK2. Note=A chromosomal aberration involving ETV6 is found in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with basophilia. Translocation t(5;12)(q31;p13) with ACSL6. Note=A chromosomal aberration involving ETV6 is found in acute eosinophilic leukemia (AEL). Translocation t(5;12)(q31;p13) with ACSL6. Note=A chromosomal aberration involving ETV6 is found in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Translocation t(1;12)(p36.1;p13) with MDS2. Defects in ETV6 are a cause of myeloproliferative disorder chronic with eosinophilia (MPE) [MIM:131440. A hematologic disorder characterized by malignant eosinophils proliferation. Note=A chromosomal aberration involving ETV6 is found in many instances of myeloproliferative disorder chronic with eosinophilia. Translocation t(5;12) with PDGFRB on chromosome 5 creating an ETV6-PDGFRB fusion protein. Defects in ETV6 are a cause of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) [MIM:601626. AML is a malignant disease in which hematopoietic precursors are arrested in an early stage of development.^{[5] [6] [7]} Note=A chromosomal aberration involving ETV6 is found in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Translocation t(9;12)(p13;p13) with PAX5.SUMO1_HUMAN Defects in SUMO1 are the cause of non-syndromic orofacial cleft type 10 (OFC10) [MIM:613705; also called non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate 10. OFC10 is a birth defect consisting of cleft lips with or without cleft palate. Cleft lips are associated with cleft palate in two-third of cases. A cleft lip can occur on one or both sides and range in severity from a simple notch in the upper lip to a complete opening in the lip extending into the floor of the nostril and involving the upper gum. Note=A chromosomal aberation involving SUMO1 is the cause of OFC10. Translocation t(2;8)(q33.1;q24.3). The breakpoint occurred in the SUMO1 gene and resulted in haploinsufficiency confirmed by protein assays.^[8]

Function

ETV6_HUMAN Transcriptional repressor; binds to the DNA sequence 5'-CCGGAAGT-3'.SUMO1_HUMAN Ubiquitin-like protein that can be covalently attached to proteins as a monomer or a lysine-linked polymer. Covalent attachment via an isopeptide bond to its substrates requires prior activation by the E1 complex SAE1-SAE2 and linkage to the E2 enzyme UBE2I, and can be promoted by E3 ligases such as PIAS1-4, RANBP2 or CBX4. This post-translational modification on lysine residues of proteins plays a crucial role in a number of cellular processes such as nuclear transport, DNA replication and repair, mitosis and signal transduction. Involved for instance in targeting RANGAP1 to the nuclear pore complex protein RANBP2. Polymeric SUMO1 chains are also susceptible to polyubiquitination which functions as a signal for proteasomal degradation of modified proteins. May also regulate a network of genes involved in palate development.^{[9] [10] [11] [12]}

References

1. ↑ Odero MD, Vizmanos JL, Roman JP, Lahortiga I, Panizo C, Calasanz MJ, Zeleznik-Le NJ, Rowley JD, Novo FJ. A novel gene, MDS2, is fused to ETV6/TEL in a t(1;12)(p36.1;p13) in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2002 Sep;35(1):11-9. PMID:12203785 doi:10.1002/gcc.10090
2. ↑ Golub TR, Barker GF, Bohlander SK, Hiebert SW, Ward DC, Bray-Ward P, Morgan E, Raimondi SC, Rowley JD, Gilliland DG. Fusion of the TEL gene on 12p13 to the AML1 gene on 21q22 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 May 23;92(11):4917-21. PMID:7761424
3. ↑ Romana SP, Mauchauffe M, Le Coniat M, Chumakov I, Le Paslier D, Berger R, Bernard OA. The t(12;21) of acute lymphoblastic leukemia results in a tel-AML1 gene fusion. Blood. 1995 Jun 15;85(12):3662-70. PMID:7780150
4. ↑ Barjesteh van Waalwijk van Doorn-Khosrovani S, Spensberger D, de Knegt Y, Tang M, Lowenberg B, Delwel R. Somatic heterozygous mutations in ETV6 (TEL) and frequent absence of ETV6 protein in acute myeloid leukemia. Oncogene. 2005 Jun 9;24(25):4129-37. PMID:15806161 doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1208588
5. ↑ Golub TR, Barker GF, Bohlander SK, Hiebert SW, Ward DC, Bray-Ward P, Morgan E, Raimondi SC, Rowley JD, Gilliland DG. Fusion of the TEL gene on 12p13 to the AML1 gene on 21q22 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 May 23;92(11):4917-21. PMID:7761424
6. ↑ Romana SP, Mauchauffe M, Le Coniat M, Chumakov I, Le Paslier D, Berger R, Bernard OA. The t(12;21) of acute lymphoblastic leukemia results in a tel-AML1 gene fusion. Blood. 1995 Jun 15;85(12):3662-70. PMID:7780150
7. ↑ Barjesteh van Waalwijk van Doorn-Khosrovani S, Spensberger D, de Knegt Y, Tang M, Lowenberg B, Delwel R. Somatic heterozygous mutations in ETV6 (TEL) and frequent absence of ETV6 protein in acute myeloid leukemia. Oncogene. 2005 Jun 9;24(25):4129-37. PMID:15806161 doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1208588
8. ↑ Alkuraya FS, Saadi I, Lund JJ, Turbe-Doan A, Morton CC, Maas RL. SUMO1 haploinsufficiency leads to cleft lip and palate. Science. 2006 Sep 22;313(5794):1751. PMID:16990542 doi:10.1126/science.1128406
9. ↑ Mahajan R, Delphin C, Guan T, Gerace L, Melchior F. A small ubiquitin-related polypeptide involved in targeting RanGAP1 to nuclear pore complex protein RanBP2. Cell. 1997 Jan 10;88(1):97-107. PMID:9019411
10. ↑ Kamitani T, Nguyen HP, Yeh ET. Preferential modification of nuclear proteins by a novel ubiquitin-like molecule. J Biol Chem. 1997 May 30;272(22):14001-4. PMID:9162015
11. ↑ Meulmeester E, Kunze M, Hsiao HH, Urlaub H, Melchior F. Mechanism and consequences for paralog-specific sumoylation of ubiquitin-specific protease 25. Mol Cell. 2008 Jun 6;30(5):610-9. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.03.021. PMID:18538659 doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2008.03.021
12. ↑ Tatham MH, Geoffroy MC, Shen L, Plechanovova A, Hattersley N, Jaffray EG, Palvimo JJ, Hay RT. RNF4 is a poly-SUMO-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase required for arsenic-induced PML degradation. Nat Cell Biol. 2008 May;10(5):538-46. doi: 10.1038/ncb1716. Epub 2008 Apr 13. PMID:18408734 doi:10.1038/ncb1716