Introduction

Leaf branch compost cutinase is a versatile enzyme that can break down both natural plant polymers and synthetic plastics.^[1][2] Its biological function is to degrade cutin, the waxy biopolymer on plant surfaces that prevents water loss and protects the plant from environmental stressors.^[3] LCC was discovered in a compost heap, where degradative enzymes are often found.^[4][5]

Because cutinases are members of the α/β-hydrolase superfamily and can hydrolyze polymer esters, LCC has shown high efficiency in hydrolyzing polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which is a widely used plastic that contributes to pollution. Unlike many other PET-degrading enzymes, LCC has a high catalytic efficiency and is thermostable, which means it can function at temperatures that are optimal for industrial recycling processes.^[6][7] By breaking PET into its monomers, LCC promotes closed-loop recycling of plastic waste and reduces environmental accumulation.^[2]

4EB0 is the primary PDB file used throughout this page. The protein is an LCC mutant that has been optimized for thermostability. The model substrate is 2-HE(MHET)₃, a trimer of MHET (mono-(2-hydroxy-ethyl) terephthalate). MHET is an intermediate in the depolymerization of PET.^[8][1]

Function

LCC catalyzes the hydrolysis of the ester bonds in polymers of PET, breaking them down into their constituent monomers: terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol.^[1] The enzyme operates through a catalytic triad that consists of , where a reaction initiated by Ser165 leads to the hydrolysis of ester bonds in PET. During catalysis, the substrate binds in an elongated, predominantly present in the enzyme's structure.^[2]

LCC functions best at elevated temperatures (around 65–72°C), which approaches the glass transition temperature of PET.^[8] This temperature range maximizes PET chain mobility and makes the polymer more accessible to enzymatic action.^[6] The enzyme has higher thermostability compared to other PET hydrolases, with a melting temperature of 84.7°C. This property allows it to remain functional under these high-temperature conditions.^[7] Unlike other PET hydrolases such as Is-PETase, BTA1, BTA2, and FsC, LCC also has substantially higher catalytic efficiency.^[9] Specifically, LCC has an initial PET-specific depolymerization rate of 93.2 mg TAeq·h⁻¹·mg⁻¹ enzyme at 65°C with amorphous PET. This means that it is at least 33 times more efficient than other tested enzymes.^[1][6] LCC's function is limited by PET crystallinity, as the enzyme can more effectively hydrolyze amorphous regions of the polymer. As PET crystallinity increases during the depolymerization reaction (due to exposure to elevated temperatures), the enzyme's efficiency decreases. This limits complete depolymerization unless optimal conditions and enzyme variants are used.^[2][8]

Relevance

With global plastic production reaching approximately 299 million tons annually, the need for effective waste management solutions is urgent. Enzymatic degradation is an alternative to conventional recycling methods that are often inefficient and taxing on the environment.^[6] One of the primary challenges in plastic waste management is the volume of mismanaged plastic entering marine environments. In 2010 alone, an estimated 31.9 million metric tons of plastic waste were classified as mismanaged, with a substantial portion ending up in the ocean. This causes harm to marine ecosystems, physical injury to wildlife, and disruption of food chains.^[10]

Integrating LCC into existing waste management systems could substantially reduce the PET waste that enters the environment.^[2][1] Research suggests that a 77% reduction in mismanaged plastic waste could lower the annual input of plastic into the ocean to between 2.4 and 6.4 million metric tons by 2025. LCC hydrolyzes PET into its constituent monomers, which also supports the principles of a circular economy, where materials are reused rather than discarded. Enzymatic degradation allows for the production of biologically recycled PET with properties that are comparable to virgin materials.^[11][6]

Structural Overview

LCC consists of one α/β-hydrolase domain, typical of cutinases.^[12] In the , 9 beta sheets (yellow) form a stable central core. This is surrounded by 10 alpha helices (magenta) that contribute to the overall folding. The enzyme does not have a lid domain that covers its active site.

Catalytic Triad

Figure 1: Ser, His, Asp catalytic triad non-covalent stabilizing interactions with oxyanion hole.

LCC catalyzes the breakdown of PET using a serine hydrolase mechanism with a of Ser165, His242, and Asp210. (Figure 1) Ser165 is deprotonated by His242 forming a reactive nucleophile (1). The oxygen of Ser165 attacks the carbonyl carbon of the substrate creating a tetrahedral intermediate (2). The tetrahedral intermediate collapses breaking the bond to the leaving group and forming an acyl-enzyme intermediate (3). Water is activated by His242 and its oxygen attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acyl-enzyme intermediate forming a second tetrahedral intermediate (4). The second tetrahedral intermediate collapses releasing the product and regenerating the enzyme.

Figure 2: LCC mechanism. LCC hydrolyzes PET using a catalytic triad (Ser165, His242, Asp210) to cleave its ester bonds via two tetrahedral transition states to an acyl-enzyme intermediate.

Ligand Binding Pocket

The of LCC is a long, mainly hydrophobic groove that accommodates PET chains. This groove includes —designated −2, −1, and +1—that interact with specific PET units near the scissile ester bond. Hydrophobic residues such as line the groove and facilitate substrate binding by interacting with the aromatic rings of the PET molecule. These interactions help align the substrate in the correct position for catalysis.

The shows the overall shape and depth of the binding groove. In the , the enzyme is shown as a ribbon with hydrophobic residues colored pink, to show how the PET chain fits snugly into the groove.

Mutation Sites of Interest

To improve the catalytic activity and thermostability of LCC, Tournier et al. used structure-guided enzyme engineering based on the crystal structure of LCC bound to a model PET substrate. Using molecular docking and enzyme–substrate contact analysis, the researchers identified in the first contact shell surrounding the substrate-binding groove. Of these, 11 positions were selected for saturation mutagenesis to determine how mutations could affect PET depolymerization. These sites were chosen for their interactions with the PET-like ligand or their proximity to the active site. Highly conserved residues essential for catalysis or structural stability​ were excluded. ConSurf displays the residues that were conserved in all variants of LCC (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Image of protein structure, amino acids are colored depending on how often they are conserved in structure. Legend is included.

From this screen, two mutations at Phe243 (F243I and F243W) were shown to improve catalytic activity by optimizing substrate positioning within the groove. To increase thermostability, the authors targeted a region of the enzyme that is structurally analogous to known divalent metal binding sites in other cutinases. Instead of using stabilizing ions, which could complicate industrial degradation processes, they engineered a disulfide bridge by mutating Asp238 and Ser283 to Cys residues (D238C/S283C). Additional mutations were selected based on thermostability screening. Among these, Y127G improved the melting point without reducing activity.

Phe243

is located 3.6 Å . Two mutations at this position, and F243W, increase the catalytic activity of the enzyme. The larger tryptophan at position 243 stabilizes the ligand through stronger hydrophobic and π–π interactions, pulling it closer to the catalytic site despite its size. The F243I mutation inserts the smaller isoleucine whose side chain allows the ligand to sit closer. This reduces the ligand distance to 3.0 Å, improving substrate binding. The F243W mutation inserts the bulkier, nitrogen-containing aromatic aide chain. Trp brings the ligand slightly closer at 3.2 Å and introduces potential for new interactions, such as hydrogen bonding or π-stacking. Both mutations result in improved catalytic performance. The F243I mutant shows a 27.5% increase in activity, while the F243W mutant shows a 17.5% increase, compared to the wild-type enzyme.^[1]

Tyr127

The mutation of Tyr to Gly at , which is , also increases the thermostability of LCC. The melting point of Y127G is increased to 87.0°C from the WT melting point of 84.7°C. Tyr has a bulky, rigid aromatic side chain that can cause structural strain, shown in . Gly is the smallest amino acid and lacks a side chain, providing greater flexibility. The mutation melting point is increased to 87.0°C. The mutation reduces steric hindrance and relieves strain in the protein structure, as demonstrated in the . By increasing flexibility, the Y127G mutation helps the protein maintain its folded structure under heat stress.^[1]

Ser283 & Asp238

Ser283 and Asp238 are located . were engineered to form a disulfide bond by replacing them with Cys. This decision was based on their spatial proximity in the 3D structure and their location in a region that resembles metal-binding sites in homologous PET-degrading enzymes. Unlike those metal-dependent sites, the LCC structure lacked coordinated ions. For that reason, the researchers engineered a covalent linkage instead to increase thermal stability without requiring additives like calcium. The wild-type protein has a melting point of 84.7°C, while the increased the melting point to 94.5°C, a 9.8°C improvement, which is higher than any other mutations. However, this increase in stability was accompanied by a 28% decrease in enzymatic activity compared to the wild-type. This trade-off between stability and activity shows the balance in enzyme engineering, as increasing structural integrity can sometimes restrict the flexibility needed for catalytic function.

Multi-Mutant Variants

These mutations were combined to create multi-mutant LCC variants with improved activity and thermostability. The two most successful variants were as follows:

The ICCG variant (F243I/D238C/S283C/Y127G) showed a 1.22-fold higher specific activity than wild-type LCC, with a melting temperature increase of +9.3°C. It achieved 90% PET depolymerization in 9.3 hours at 72°C.^[1]

The WCCG variant (F243W/D238C/S283C/Y127G) had specific activity slightly lower than ICCG, but showed even greater thermostability, with a melting temperature increase of +10.1°C. It reached 90% PET depolymerization in 10.5 hours at 72°C.^[1]

Other stabilizing mutations, such as T96M, N246D, and N246M, were also tested, but excluded as they were not part of the top-performing multi-mutant variant (ICCG).^[1]