Sandbox Home

Bacteria float with nano-balloons.

ST Huber, D Terwiel, WH Evers, D Maresca, AJ Jakobi. Preprint 2022 doi: 10.1101/2022.05.08.489936
Many kinds of bacteria and archaea control their buoyancy to move to optimal positions in liquid environments. They do this by making nano-compartments called "gas vesicles", long "pipes" with closed ends filled with gases. In 2022, gas vesicle structure was solved, revealing self-assembling thin-walled cylinders of remarkable strength with gas-permeable pores and water-repelling (hydrophobic) interiors. Building on this structural knowledge, gas vesicles are being engineered to serve as biosensors that report via ultrasound.

>>> Visit I3DC Interactive Visualizations >>>

Interconversion of the specificities of human lysosomal enzymes associated with Fabry and Schindler diseases.

IB Tomasic, MC Metcalf, AI Guce, NE Clark, SC Garman. J. Biol. Chem. 2010 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.118588
The human lysosomal enzymes α-galactosidase and α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase share 46% amino acid sequence identity and have similar folds. Using a rational protein engineering approach, we interconverted the enzymatic specificity of α-GAL and α-NAGAL. The engineered α-GAL retains the antigenicity but has acquired the enzymatic specificity of α-NAGAL. Conversely, the engineered α-NAGAL retains the antigenicity but has acquired the enzymatic specificity of the α-GAL enzyme. Comparison of the crystal structures of the designed enzyme to the wild-type enzymes shows that active sites superimpose well, indicating success of the rational design. The designed enzymes might be useful as non-immunogenic alternatives in enzyme replacement therapy for treatment of lysosomal storage disorders such as Fabry disease.

>>> Visit this I3DC complement >>>

Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus
Although only a few people in the USA get Eastern Equine Encephalitis every year, the fatality rate is 30%, and many survivors have ongoing neurological problems. The virus is transmitted by mosquitoes from animals, especially birds, to humans. This RNA virus has a complicated capsid (a slab of which is shown) composed of protein shells with an enclosed lipid bilayer. The structures of virus capsids can be explored using free FirstGlance in Jmol.

>>> Visit I3DC Interactive Visualizations >>>