Huperzine A Complexed with Acetylcholinesterase (Chinese)

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<StructureSection load='1vot' size='400' side='right' scene='49/497129/Hup_in_ache/1' caption='Huperzine A complexed with AChE'>
[[Image:1vot.jpg|left|250px]]
[[Image:1vot.jpg|left|250px]]
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{{STRUCTURE_1vot| PDB=1vot | SCENE= }}
 
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'''石杉碱甲与乙酰胆碱酯酶复合物的三维结构'''
'''石杉碱甲与乙酰胆碱酯酶复合物的三维结构'''
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==背景介绍==
==背景介绍==
[[Image:HuperzineA.jpg|left|250px]]
[[Image:HuperzineA.jpg|left|250px]]
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中国科研工作者在20世纪80年代从'''中药'''[http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8D%AF]千层塔中分离得到天然产物<scene name='1vot/Huperzinea/2'>石杉碱甲</scene>被证实是[[乙酰胆碱酯酶]]的可逆抑制剂，对乙酰胆碱酯酶具有特定、高效的抑制活性。早在1000多年前，中国人已将千层塔用于擦伤、疲惫、肿胀、精神分裂症以及重症肌无力等疾病的治疗。从1996年开始，药品名为双益平[http://www.54md.com/drugstore/pic/gpic_25fd25197010a0fb4a680516735e613c.jpg]的石杉碱甲已在中国广泛用于早老年痴呆症的治疗。与美国食品药品管理局（FDA）批准的目前用于老年痴呆症治疗的多奈哌齐（Donepezil，商品名Aricept）、利伐司替明（Rivastigmine，商品名Exelon）和加兰他敏（Galanthamine，商品名Reminyl）三个药相比，石杉碱甲具有能更好渗透血脑屏障、生物口服利用度更高和对乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制时效更长的特点。
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中国科研工作者在20世纪80年代从'''中药'''[http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8D%AF]千层塔中分离得到天然产物<scene name='1vot/Huperzinea/2'>石杉碱甲</scene>被证实是[[Acetylcholinesterase|乙酰胆碱酯酶]]的可逆抑制剂，对该酶具有特定、高效的抑制活性。早在1000多年前，中国人已将千层塔用于擦伤、疲惫、肿胀、精神分裂症以及重症肌无力等疾病的治疗。从1996年开始，药品名为双益平[http://www.54md.com/drugstore/pic/gpic_25fd25197010a0fb4a680516735e613c.jpg]的石杉碱甲已在中国广泛用于早老年痴呆症的治疗。与美国食品药品管理局（FDA）批准的目前用于老年痴呆症治疗的多奈哌齐（Donepezil，商品名Aricept）、利伐司替明（Rivastigmine，商品名Exelon）和加兰他敏（Galanthamine，商品名Reminyl）三个药相比，石杉碱甲具有能更好渗透血脑屏障、生物口服利用度更高和对乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制时效更长的特点。
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<scene name='1vot/Huperzinea/2'>石杉碱甲</scene> 的结构同其他[[乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂和底物]]具有一定的相似性.整个分子结构比较刚性，包括芳香坏和在生理pH下可能质子化的氨基。在石杉碱甲和乙酰胆碱酯酶复合物的三维结构测定之前，有很多关于石杉碱甲与乙酰胆碱酯酶的作用模式以及其药效团如何与蛋白质残基相互作用等的猜测。因此，该复合物晶体结构的解析可以准确的提供了这些疑问的答案，同时为进一步基于复合物结构而设计出更加有效的石杉碱甲类似物（或衍生物）等乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂提供帮助。
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<scene name='1vot/Huperzinea/2'>石杉碱甲</scene> 的结构同其他[[AChE_inhibitors_and_substrates|乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂和底物]]具有一定的相似性。整个分子结构比较刚性，包括芳香坏和在生理pH下可能质子化的氨基。在石杉碱甲和乙酰胆碱酯酶复合物的三维结构测定之前，有很多关于石杉碱甲与乙酰胆碱酯酶的作用模式以及其药效团如何与蛋白质残基相互作用等的猜测。因此，该复合物晶体结构的解析可以准确提供这些疑问的答案，同时为进一步基于复合物结构而设计出更加有效的石杉碱甲类似物（或衍生物）等乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂提供帮助。
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<applet load='1vot' size='500' frame='true' align='right'
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scene='1vot/Com_view/1' />
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==三维结构==
==三维结构==
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The crystal structure of the complex of ''Torpedo californica'' AChE (''Tc''AChE) with HupA at 2.5 Å resolution (pdb code '''1vot''') was determined in 1997 and it shows an unexpected orientation for the inhibitor with surprisingly few strong direct interactions with protein residues to explain its high affinity. The active site of ''Tc''AChE was found to be buried at the bottom of a <scene name='1vot/Active_site/1'>deep and narrow gorge</scene>, lined by <scene name='1vot/Active_site/2'>14 aromatic residues</scene> <font color='darkmagenta'><b>(colored darkmagenta)</b></font>. The ''Tc''AChE natural substrate <scene name='1vot/Active_site/3'>acetylcholine</scene> (<font color='gray'><b>ACh</b></font>) directly binds <scene name='1vot/Active_site/4'>Ser200</scene> within the <scene name='1vot/Active_site/5'>catalytic triad</scene> <font color='orange'><b>(Ser200, His440, and Glu327)</b></font>. The residues <scene name='1vot/Active_site/6'>Trp84 and Phe330</scene> are also important in the ligand recognition. <font color='blueviolet'><b>HupA</b></font> also binds to ''Tc''AChE at this active site, but its <scene name='1vot/Active_site/8'>observed orientation is almost orthogonal</scene> in comparison to <font color='gray'><b>ACh</b></font>. The principal interactions of <scene name='1vot/1vot_ache_interactions/1'>HupA with TcAChE</scene> are including: a direct <scene name='1vot/1vot_199_130_117/1'>hydrogen bond (HB) with Tyr130 and HBs with Glu199 and Gly117 </scene>through a water molecule as a linker at the bottom of the gorge; cation-pi interactions between the amino group of <scene name='1vot/1vot_84_330/1'>HupA and Trp84 and Phe330</scene> with the distance between the nitrogen and the centroid of the aromatic rings of 4.8 and 4.7 Å, respectively; at the top of the gorge, HBs through two water molecules as linkers formed between the amino group of <scene name='1vot/1vot_70_72_81_85_121/2'>HupA and Tyr70, Asp72, Ser81, Asn85 and Tyr121</scene>. An unusually short (~3.0 Å) C-H→O HB has been seen between the ethylidene methyl group of <scene name='1vot/1vot_440/1'>HupA and the main chain oxygen of His440</scene>.
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分辨率为2.5埃的石杉碱甲与从加利福尼亚电鳐中提取的乙酰胆碱酯酶复合物的晶体结构于1997年测定（其在PDB库中的编码为'''1vot'''）。晶体结构表明石杉碱甲以非常出乎意料的取向与乙酰胆碱酯酶结合，与其对乙酰胆碱酯酶高亲合力性质相对应的是石杉碱甲与关键蛋白质残基形成了较强的相互作用。乙酰胆碱酯酶的催化活性位点位于其<scene name='1vot/Active_site/1'>狭长口袋</scene>的底部，<scene name='1vot/Active_site/2'>十四个芳香性残基</scene>坐落在整个口袋的内壁。乙酰胆碱酯酶的天然底物<scene name='1vot/Active_site/3'>乙酰胆碱</scene>与<scene name='1vot/Active_site/5'>催化三联体</scene>（Ser200、His440和Glu327）之一的残基<scene name='1vot/Active_site/4'>Ser200</scene>直接键连。此外， <scene name='1vot/Active_site/6'>残基Trp84和Phe330</scene>对配体识别结合也非常重要。与乙酰胆碱相似，<font color='blueviolet'><b>石杉碱甲</b></font>也结合于乙酰胆碱酯酶的催化活性位点，其取向基本上与<font color='gray'><b>乙酰胆碱</b></font>的取向<scene name='1vot/Active_site/8'>垂直</scene>。<scene name='1vot/1vot_ache_interactions/2'>石杉碱甲与乙酰胆碱酯酶形成的主要相互作用</scene>包括：在口袋底部与<scene name='1vot/1vot_199_130_117/2'>残基Tyr130</scene>形成的直接氢键以及与<scene name='1vot/1vot_199_130_117/2'>残基Glu199和Gly117</scene>通过水分子作中介的氢键；与<scene name='1vot/1vot_84_330/2'>残基Trp84和Phe330</scene>形成阳离子-ψ相互作用，其氨基氮原子与两残基芳香环的中心距离分别为4.8和4.7埃；在狭长口袋顶部，石杉碱甲通过两个水分子作中介分别与<scene name='1vot/1vot_70_72_81_85_121/3'>残基Tyr70，Asp72，Ser81，Asn85和Tyr121</scene>形成氢键相互作用。此外，<scene name='1vot/1vot_440/2'>特殊的氢键C-H→O相互作用</scene>在石杉碱甲的亚乙基甲基和残基His440主链氧原子之间形成，其距离非常短，仅为3埃。
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{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}
==关于此结构==
==关于此结构==
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[[1vot]] is a [[Single protein]] structure of sequence from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_californica Torpedo californica]. Full crystallographic information is available from [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1VOT OCA].
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PBD编码[[1vot]]包含单个[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein 蛋白质]（其序列来自加利福尼亚电鳐（[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_californica Torpedo_californica]）的乙酰胆碱酯酶
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）。所有关于这个结构的信息可以从[http://ispc.weizmann.ac.il/oca-bin/ocashort?id=1EVE OCA]获得。
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==参考文献==
==参考文献==
Structure of acetylcholinesterase complexed with the nootropic alkaloid, (-)-huperzine A., Raves ML, Harel M, Pang YP, Silman I, Kozikowski AP, Sussman JL, Nat. Struct. Biol. 1997 Jan;4(1):57-63. PMID:[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8989325 8989325]
Structure of acetylcholinesterase complexed with the nootropic alkaloid, (-)-huperzine A., Raves ML, Harel M, Pang YP, Silman I, Kozikowski AP, Sussman JL, Nat. Struct. Biol. 1997 Jan;4(1):57-63. PMID:[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8989325 8989325]
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</StructureSection>
Huperzine A from ''Huperzia'' species-An ethnopharmacolgical review., Ma X, Tan C, Zhu D, Gang D, Xiao P, J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Aug;113(1):15-34.
Huperzine A from ''Huperzia'' species-An ethnopharmacolgical review., Ma X, Tan C, Zhu D, Gang D, Xiao P, J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Aug;113(1):15-34.
PMID:[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17644292 17644292]
PMID:[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17644292 17644292]
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[[zh:Huperzine_A_Complexed_with_Acetylcholinesterase (Chinese)]]
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[[en:Huperzine_A_Complexed_with_Acetylcholinesterase]]
[[Category: Acetylcholinesterase]]
[[Category: Acetylcholinesterase]]
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[[Category: hydrolase]]
[[Category: hydrolase]]
[[Category: neurotransmitter cleavage]]
[[Category: neurotransmitter cleavage]]
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''Page seeded by [http://oca.weizmann.ac.il/oca OCA ] on Mon Mar 31 00:26:42 2008''
 

Current revision

Huperzine A complexed with AChE

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Huperzine A from Huperzia species-An ethnopharmacolgical review., Ma X, Tan C, Zhu D, Gang D, Xiao P, J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Aug;113(1):15-34. PMID:17644292

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