Journal:JBIC:8

A hydrogen-bonding network formed by the B10-E7-E11 residues of a truncated hemoglobin from Tetrahymena pyriformis is critical for stability of bound oxygen and nitric oxide detoxification

Jotaro Igarashi, Kazuo Kobayashi and Ariki Matsuoka^[1]

Molecular Tour

A wide diversity of both structure and function has been discovered in the study of hemoglobins (Hbs) from many species. Hbs transport oxygen in the red blood cells of higher organisms. Even though oxygen molecules can diffuse into cells, unicellular organisms also have Hb-like molecules. Here, we consider the term ìhemoglobinsî to include such molecules. Three classes of Hb have been found in unicellular organisms. First, single-domain globins are comprised of three-over-three (3/3) α-helical folds, as is myoglobin (Mb). Second, flavohemoglobins are distinguished by the presence of an N-terminal globin domain and an additional C-terminal FAD-containing reductase region. Finally, truncated Hbs (trHbs) have been discovered recently and are widely distributed in unicellular organisms.

Truncated hemoglobins, also known as 2/2 hemoglobins, can be further classified into three different groups (I, II, and III). Genomic sequences of bacteria, cyanobacteria, and plants indicate that trHbs are rather common. Group I, Group II, and Group III trHbs have distinct phylogenetic trees and show different ligand-binding properties. The Group I trHb of the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis (Tp trHb) was first discovered by Keilin and Ryley in 1953.

It is known that trHbs exist in ciliates of the Tetrahymena group, but trHb structure and function remain poorly understood. To investigate trHb function with respect to stability of bound oxygen and protein structure, we measured the oxygen binding kinetics of Tetrahymena pyriformis trHb, and determined the crystal structure of the protein.

The three-dimensional structure of an Fe(II)-O2 complex of Tp trHb was determined at 1.73 ≈ resolution. Tyr25 (B10) and Gln46 (E7) were hydrogen-bonded to a heme-bound dioxygen molecule. Tyr25 donated a hydrogen bond to the terminal oxygen atom, whereas Gln46 hydrogen-bonded to the proximal oxygen atom. Furthermore, Tyr25 was hydrogen-bonded to the Gln46 and Gln50 (E11) residues.

The O2 association and dissociation rate constants of T. pyriformis trHb were 5.5 μMñ1sñ1, and 0.18 sñ1, respectively. The oxygen affinity was determined to be 33 nM. The autooxidation rate constant was 3.8 ◊ 10ñ3 hñ1. These values are similar to those of HbN from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mutations at Tyr25, Gln46, and Gln50 increased the O2 dissociation and autooxidation rate constants, and partly disrupted the hydrogen-bonding network.

An Fe(III)-H2O complex of Tp trHb was formed following reaction of the Fe(II)-O2 complex of Tp trHb, in a crystal state, with nitric oxide. This suggests that Tp trHb functions in nitric oxide detoxification.